Specialists in Reproductive Medicine & Surgery, P.A.
Craig R. Sweet, M.D.
Board Certified in Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility and Obstetrics & Gynecology
Dedicated to excellence in reproductive medicine

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Donor embryo—An embryo formed from the egg of a woman who has donated it for transfer to a woman who is unable to conceive with her own eggs (the recipient). The donor relinquishes all parental rights to any resulting offspring.

Ectopic pregnancy—A pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants in a location outside the uterus— usually in the fallopian tube, the ovary, or the abdominal cavity. Ectopic pregnancy is a dangerous condition that must receive prompt treatment.

Egg—A female reproductive cell, also called an oocyte or ovum.

Egg retrieval (also called oocyte retrieval)—A procedure to collect the eggs contained in the ovarian follicles.

Egg transfer (also called oocyte transfer)—The transfer of retrieved eggs into a woman’s fallopian tubes through laparoscopy. This procedure is used only in GIFT (see definition).

Embryo—An egg that has been fertilized by a sperm and that has undergone one or more divisions.

Embryo transfer—Placement of embryos into a woman’s uterus through the cervix after IVF (see definition) or, in the case of ZIFT (see definition), into her fallopian tubes.

Endometriosis—The presence of tissue similar to the uterine lining in locations outside the uterus, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and abdominal cavity.

Fertilization—The penetration of the egg by the sperm and the resulting fusion of genetic material that develops into an embryo.

Follicle—A structure in the ovaries that contains a developing egg.

Fresh eggs, sperm, or embryos—Eggs, sperm, or embryos that have not been frozen. However, fresh embryos may have been conceived using either fresh or frozen sperm.

Gamete—A reproductive cell, either a sperm or an egg.

Gestational sac—A fluid-filled structure that develops within the uterus early in pregnancy.

GIFT (gamete Intrafallopian transfer)—An ART procedure that involves removing eggs from the woman’s ovary, combining them with sperm, and using a laparoscope to place the unfertilized eggs and the sperm into the woman’s fallopian tubes through a small incision in her abdomen.

Induced or therapeutic abortion—An operative procedure used to end a pregnancy.

ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)—A procedure in which a single sperm is injected directly into an egg; this procedure is most commonly used to overcome male infertility problems.

IVF (in vitro fertilization)—An ART procedure that involves removing eggs from a woman’s ovaries and fertilizing them in the laboratory. The resulting embryos are then transferred into the woman’s uterus through the cervix.

Laparoscopy—A surgical procedure in which a fiberoptic instrument (a laparoscope) is inserted into the pelvic area through a small incision in the abdomen.

Live birth—Any infant delivered with signs of life after 20 or more weeks of gestation.

Male factor—Deficiencies in sperm quantity, function, or motility (ability to move) that make it difficult for a sperm to fertilize an egg under normal conditions.

Multifetal pregnancy reduction—A procedure in which the number of gestational sacs is reduced. This procedure is used to decrease the number of fetuses a woman carries and thereby improve the chances that the remaining fetuses will survive and develop into healthy infants.

Multiple birth—A pregnancy that results in the birth of more than one infant.

Oocyte—The female reproductive cell, also called an egg or ovum.

Ovarian factor—A cause of infertility related to problems with egg production by the ovaries.

Ovarian monitoring—The use of ultrasound and/or blood or urine tests to monitor the development of ovarian follicles.

Ovarian stimulation—The use of drugs to stimulate the ovaries to develop follicles and eggs.

Pregnancy, Chemical—Pregnancy documented by a blood or urine test that shows a rise in the level of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone.

Pregnancy, Clinical—Pregnancy documented by the presence of a gestational sac on ultrasound.

Pregnancy test—A blood or urine test that determines the level of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone. Elevated levels of this hormone are chemical evidence of a pregnancy.

RESOLVE—A national, nonprofit consumer organization offering education, advocacy, and support to persons experiencing infertility. Services include a national HelpLine, quarterly newsletter, extensive literature list, member-to-member nationwide contact systems, and local support groups through a network of more than 50 chapters.

SART (Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology)—An affiliate of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine composed of clinics and programs that provide ART. SART reports annual fertility clinic data to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Sperm—The male reproductive cell.

Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)—A pregnancy ending in the spontaneous loss of the embryo or fetus before 20 weeks of gestation.

Stillbirth—An infant delivered without signs of life after 20 or more weeks of gestation.

Stimulated cycle—An ART cycle in which a woman receives drugs to stimulate her ovaries to produce more follicles.

Surrogate—A woman who carries an embryo that was formed from the egg of another woman; the surrogate is expected to return the infant to its genetic parents.

Thawed cycle—A cycle in which previously frozen embryos are thawed for embryo transfer.

Tubal factor—A cause of infertility related to structural or functional damage to one or both fallopian tubes.

Ultrasound—A noninvasive technique for visualizing the follicles in the ovaries and the gestational sac or fetus in the uterus.

Unexplained cause of infertility—Infertility for which no cause has been determined despite a comprehensive evaluation.

Unstimulated cycle—An ART cycle in which the woman does not receive drugs to stimulate her ovaries to produce more follicles. Instead, follicles develop naturally.

Uterine factor—A cause of infertility related to defects in the uterus.

ZIFT (zygote Intrafallopian transfer)—An ART procedure in which eggs are collected from a woman’s ovary and fertilized in the laboratory. A laparoscope is then used to place the resulting zygote (fertilized egg) into the woman’s fallopian tubes through a small incision in her abdomen.

ACTH:

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the adrenal glands. Excessive levels may lead to fertility problems.

 

Adhesion:

Scar tissue occurring in the abdominal cavity, fallopian tubes, or inside the uterus. Adhesions can interfere with transport of the egg and implantation of the embryo in the uterus.

 

Adrenal Androgens:

Male hormones produced by the adrenal gland which, when found in excess, may lead to fertility problems in both men and women. Excess androgens in the woman may lead to the formation of male secondary sex characteristics and the suppression of LH and FSH production by the pituitary gland. Elevated levels of androgens may be found in women with polycystic ovaries, or with a tumor in the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, or ovary. May also be associated with excess prolactin levels.

 

Alpha-fetoprotein Test (AFP):

A blood test performed to evaluate the development of the fetus and to look for fetal abnormalities.

 

AID (Artificial Insemination Donor):

See Artificial Insemination Donor.

 

AIH (Artificial Insemination Homologous):

See Artificial Insemination Homologous.

 

Amenorrhea:

Refers to a woman who has never had a period.

 

Amenorrhea, Secondary:

A term describing a woman who has menstruated at one time, but who has not had a period for six months or more.

 

Androgens:

Male sex hormones.

 

Andrologist:

A physician-scientist who performs laboratory evaluations of male fertility. May hold a Ph.D. degree instead of an M.D. Usually affiliated with a fertility treatment center working on in vitro fertilization.

 

Anorexia Nervosa:

A life-threatening eating disorder; self-imposed starvation. Severe weight loss and malnutrition from this disorder cause anovulation.

 

Anovulation:

The failure to ovulate; ovulatory failure.

 

Antibodies:

Chemicals made by the body to fight or attack foreign substances entering the body. Normally they prevent infection; however, when they attack the sperm or fetus, they cause infertility. Sperm antibodies may be made by either the man or the woman.

 

Antisperm Antibodies:

Antibodies are produced by the immune system to fight off foreign substances, like bacteria. Antisperm antibodies attach themselves to sperm and inhibit movement and their ability to fertilize.

 

Artificial Insemination (AI):

The depositing of sperm in the vagina near the cervix or directly into the uterus, with the use of a syringe instead of by coitus. This technique is used to overcome sexual performance problems, to circumvent sperm-mucus interaction problems, to maximize the potential for poor semen, and for using donor sperm. See also Artificial Insemination Donor; Artificial Insemination Homologous.

 

Artificial Insemination Donor (AID):

Artificial insemination with donor sperm. A fresh donor semen specimen or a thawed frozen specimen is injected next to the woman's cervix.

 

Artificial Insemination Homologous (AIH):

Artificial insemination with the husband's sperm. The sperm may be washed and injected directly into the wife's uterus (AIH). Often used with poor semen or to overcome sperm-mucus problems.

 

Artificial Spermatocoele:

An artificial, surgically created pouch used to collect sperm from men with irreversible tubal blockage.

 

Asherman's Syndrome:

A condition where the uterine walls adhere to one another. Usually caused by uterine inflammation.

 

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART):

Several procedures employed to bring about conception without sexual intercourse, including IUI, GIFT and ZIFT.

 

Asthenozoospermia:

Low sperm motility.

 

Azozoospermia:

Semen containing no sperm, either because the testicles cannot make sperm or because of blockage in the reproductive tract.

 

Bacterial Vaginosis Infection:

A vaginal infection that causes a burning sensation and a gray, malodorous discharge. May interfere with fertility.

 

Basal Body Temperature (BBT):

Your body temperature when taken at its lowest point, usually in the morning before getting out of bed. Charting BBT is used to predict ovulation.

 

Basal Body Temperature, Biphasic:

A basal body temperature pattern consistent with ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone. This hormone will elevate the basal body temperature about one-half degree during the latter half of the menstrual cycle.

 

Basal Body Temperature, Monophasic:

An anovulatory basal body temperature pattern where the temperature remains relatively constant throughout the cycle.

 

Beta hCG Test:

A blood test used to detect very early pregnancies and to evaluate embryonic development.

 

Bicornuate Uterus:

A congenital malformation of the uterus where the upper portion (horn) is duplicated.

 

Bromocriptine (Parlodel):

An oral medication used to reduce prolactin levels and reduce the size of a pituitary tumor when present. This medication often causes dizziness and upset stomach and must be started with a small dose which is gradually increased as needed. This medication is equally effective when the tablet is placed into the vagina.

 

Bulimia:

An eating disorder characterized by voracious eating followed by forced vomiting. The resulting weight loss and malnutrition may cause anovulation.

 

Buserelin:

A long-acting GnRH available in Europe as a nasal spray and used to create the pseudomenopause desirable for reducing the size and number of endometriotic lesions. It can also be used to treat fibroid tumors, PMS, hirsutism, ovulation induction and for in vitro fertilization.

 

Candidiasis (Yeast):

An infection that may be uncomfortable and itchy and may impair fertility.

 

Capacitation:

A process that sperm undergo as they travel through the woman's reproductive tract. Capacitation enables the sperm to penetrate the egg.

 

Cauterize:

To burn tissue with electrical current (electrocautery) or with a laser. Used in surgical procedures to remove unwanted tissue such as adhesions and endometrial implants. Also used to control bleeding.

 

Cervical Mucus:

A viscous fluid plugging the opening of the cervix. Most of the time this thick mucus plug prevents sperm and bacteria from entering the womb. However, at midcycle, under the influence of estrogen, the mucus becomes thin, watery, and stringy to allow sperm to pass into the womb. See also Cervix

 

Cervical Smear:

A sample of the cervical mucus examined microscopically to assess the presence of estrogen (ferning) and white blood cells, indicating possible infection.

 

Cervical Stenosis:

A blockage of the cervical canal from a congenital defect or from complications of surgical procedures. See also Cervix.

 

Cervix:

The opening between the uterus and the vagina. The cervical mucus plugs the cervical canal and normally prevents foreign materials from entering the reproductive tract. The cervix remains closed during pregnancy and dilates during labor and delivery to allow the baby to be born.

 

Cervix, Incompetent:

A weakened cervix, which opens up prematurely during pregnancy and can cause the loss of the fetus. A CERVICAL CERCLAGE is a procedure in which a stitch or two is put around the cervix to prevent its opening until removed when the pregnancy is to term.

 

Chocolate Cyst:

A cyst in the ovary that is filled with old blood; endometrioma. Occurring when endometriosis invades an ovary, it causes the ovary to swell. Frequently, patients with large endometriomas do not have any symptoms. If the cyst ruptures or the ovary containing the cyst twists, emergency surgery may be necessary. Usually treatment can be carried out through the laparoscope.

 

Chromosome:

The structures in the cell that carry the genetic material (genes); the genetic messengers of inheritance. The human has forty-six chromosomes, twenty-three coming from the egg and twenty-three coming from the sperm.

 

Cilia:

Tiny hair-like projections lining the inside surface of the fallopian tubes. The waving action of these "hairs" sweeps the egg toward the uterus.

 

Clitoris:

The small erectile sex organ of the female which contains large numbers of sensory nerves; the female counterpart of the penis.

 

Clomiphene Citrate (Clomid, Serophene):

A fertility drug that stimulates ovulation through the release of gonadotropins from the pituitary gland."

 

Coitus:

Intercourse; the sexual union between a man and a woman.

 

Conception:

See Fertilization.

 

Conceptus:

The early products of conception; the embryo and placenta.

 

Condom Therapy:

Therapy prescribed to reduce the number of sperm antibodies in the woman by using a condom during intercourse for six months or more and by the woman refraining from all skin contact with the husband's sperm. The woman's antibody level may fall to levels that will not adversely affect the sperm.

 

Cone Biopsy:

A surgical procedure used to remove precancerous cells from the cervix. The procedure may damage the cervix and thus disrupt normal mucus production or cause an incompetent cervix, which may open prematurely during pregnancy.

 

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia:

A congenital condition characterized by elevated androgens which suppress the pituitary gland and interfere with spermatogenesis or ovulation. Women may have ambiguous genitalia from the excess production of male hormone.

 

Contraception:

A congenital condition characterized by elevated androgens which suppress the pituitary gland and interfere with spermatogenesis or ovulation. Women may have ambiguous genitalia from the excess production of male hormone.

 

Contraceptive, Oral:

A medication that prevents ovulation and pregnancy. Up to 3 percent of women taking the Pill will become anovulatory when they stop taking it. The regulatory effects of the Pill can also disguise symptoms of fertility problems-- for example, an irregular cycle or endometriosis. May be used to control the symptoms and development of endometriosis.

 

Corpus Luteum:

The yellow-pigmented glandular structure that forms from the ovarian follicle following ovulation. The gland produces progesterone, which is responsible for preparing and supporting the uterine lining for implantation. Progesterone also causes the half-degree basal temperature elevation noted at midcycle during an ovulatory cycle. If the corpus luteum functions poorly, the uterine lining may not support a pregnancy. If the egg is fertilized, a corpus luteum of pregnancy forms to maintain the endometrial bed and support the implanted embryo. Picture of a corpus luteum. A deficiency in the amount of progesterone produced (or the length of time it is produced) by the corpus luteum can mean the endometrium is unable to sustain a pregnancy. This is called Luteal Phase Defect (LPD).

 

Cumulus Oophorus:

The protective layer of cells surrounding the egg.

 

Cushing's Syndrome:

A condition characterized by an overproduction of adrenal gland secretions. The person will suffer from high blood pressure and water retention as well as a number of other symptoms. A concurrent elevation of adrenal androgens will suppress pituitary output of LH and FSH and result in low sperm production or ovulatory failure. A woman may also develop male secondary sex characteristics, including abnormal hair growth. Cushing's Disease is another condition in which these same symptoms occur, but as the result of a pituitary tumor.

D&C (Dilation and Curettage):

A procedure used to dilate the cervical canal and scrape out the lining and contents of the uterus. The procedure can be used to diagnose or treat the cause of abnormal bleeding and to terminate an unwanted pregnancy.

Danazol (danocrine):

A medication used to treat endometriosis. Suppresses LH and FSH production by the pituitary and causes a state of amenorrhea during which the endometrial implants waste away. Many women experience oily skin, acne, weight gain, abnormal hair growth, deepening of the voice and muscle cramps with this medication.

Delayed Ejaculation:

A condition in which the man fakes orgasm and does not actually ejaculate when having sex.

Delayed Puberty:

A condition in which the youngster fails to complete puberty and develop secondary sex characteristics by sixteen years of age. Puberty may be stimulated with hormonal replacement therapy. Some will outgrow the condition without treatment.

DES (Diethylstilbestrol):

A medication prescribed in the 1950s and 1960s to women to prevent miscarriage. Male and female fetuses exposed in utero to this drug developed numerous deformities including blockage of the vas deferens, uterine abnormalities, cervical deformities, miscarriages, and unexplained infertility. DES is no longer prescribed for this indication.

DHEAS:

See Adrenal Androgens.

 

Doxycycline:

A tetracycline derivative; an antibiotic that inhibits many of the microorganisms infecting the reproductive tract. Often used for treating ureaplasma infections. Many physicians find routine treatment with this antibiotic more cost-effective than performing multiple cultures on both the husband and wife looking for infection.

Dysmenorrhea:

Painful menstruation. This may be a sign of endometriosis.

 

Dyspareunia:

Painful coitus for either the man or the woman.

 

Ectopic Pregnancy:

A pregnancy outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. Such a pregnancy can rarely be sustained, and often leads to decreased or complete loss of function in the affected tube. Methotrexate is now used to dissolve the pregnancy without causing major damage to the tube.

 

Egg Retrieval:

A procedure used to obtain eggs from ovarian follicles for use in in vitro fertilization. The procedure may be performed during laparoscopy or by using a long needle and ultrasound to locate the follicle in the ovary.

 

Ejaculate:

The semen and sperm expelled during ejaculation.

 

Ejaculation:

The physiological process by which the semen is propelled from the testicles, through the reproductive tract, and out the opening of the penis.

 

Embryo:

The early products of conception; the undifferentiated beginnings of a baby; the conceptus.

 

Embryo Transfer

Placing an egg fertilized outside the womb into a woman's uterus or fallopian tube.

 

Empty Sella Syndrome:

A condition that occurs when spinal fluid leaks into the bony chamber (fossa) housing the pituitary gland. The fluid pressure compresses the pituitary gland and may adversely affect its ability to secrete LH and FSH and may elevate prolactin levels.

 

Endometrial Biopsy:

A test to check for Luteal Phase Defect. A procedure during which a sample of the uterine lining is collected for microscopic analysis. The biopsy results will confirm ovulation and the proper preparation of the endometrium by estrogen and progesterone stimulation

 

Endometrial Biopsy:

A condition where endometrial tissue is located outside the womb. The tissue may attach itself to the reproductive organs or to other organs in the abdominal cavity. Each month the endometrial tissue inbreeds with the onset of menses. The resultant irritation causes adhesions in the abdominal cavity and in the fallopian tubes. Endometriosis may also interfere with ovulation and with the implantation of the embryo.

 

Endometrium:

The lining of the uterus which grows and sheds in response to estrogen and progesterone stimulation; the bed of tissue designed to nourish the implanted embryo.

 

Endorphins:

Natural narcotics manufactured in the brain to reduce sensitivity to pain and stress. May contribute to stress-related fertility problems.

 

Epididymis:

A coiled, tubular organ attached to and lying on the testicle. Within this organ the developing sperm complete their maturation and develop their powerful swimming capabilities. The matured sperm leave the epididymis through the vas deferens.

 

Erection:

The process during which the erectile tissue of the penis becomes engorged with blood, causing the penis to swell and become rigid.

 

Estradiol:

The female hormone produced in the ovary. Responsible for formation of the female secondary sex characteristics such as large breasts; supports the growth of the follicle and the development of the uterine lining. At midcycle the peak estrogen level triggers the release of the LH spike from the pituitary gland. The LH spike is necessary for the release of the ovum from the follicle. Fat cells in both obese men and women can also manufacture estrogen from androgens and interfere with fertility.

 

Estrogen:

Female sex hormone.

 

Expectant Therapy (Endometriosis):

A wait-and-see approach used after laparoscopic surgery for mild endometriosis.

 

Fallopian Tubes:

Ducts through which eggs travel to the uterus once released from the follicle. Sperm normally meet the egg in the fallopian tube, the site at which fertilization usually occurs.

 

Female Kallman's Syndrome:

A condition characterized by infantile sexual development and an inability to smell. Since the pituitary cannot produce LH and FSH, the woman must take hormone supplements to achieve puberty, to maintain secondary sex characteristics, and to achieve fertility.

 

Ferning:

A pattern characteristic of dried cervical mucus viewed on a slide. When the fern pattern appears, the mucus has been thinned and prepared by estrogen for the passage of sperm. If it does not fern, the mucus will be hostile to the passage of the sperm.

 

Fertile Eunuch:

A rare disorder characterized by an LH deficiency leading to low testosterone levels and poor sperm production. Male secondary sex characteristics will be incomplete and sex drive will be low.

 

Fertility Specialist:

A physician specializing in the practice of fertility. The American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology certifies a subspecialty for OB-GYNs who receive extra training in endocrinology (the study of hormones) and infertility.

 

Fertility Treatment:

Any method or procedure used to enhance fertility or increase the likelihood of pregnancy, such as ovulation induction treatment, varicocoele repair, and microsurgery to repair damaged fallopian tubes. The goal of fertility treatment is to help couples have a child.

 

Fertility Workup:

The initial medical examinations and tests performed to diagnose or narrow down the cause of fertility problems.

  

Fertilization:

The combining of the genetic material carried by sperm and egg to create an embryo. Normally occurs inside the fallopian tube (in vivo) but may also occur in a petri dish (in vitro). See also In Vitro Fertilization.

 

Fetus:

A term used to refer to a baby during the period of gestation between eight weeks and term.

  

Fibroid (Myoma or Leiomyoma):

A benign tumor of the uterine muscle and connective tissue.

 

Fimbria:

The opening of the fallopian tube near the ovary. When stimulated by the follicular fluid released during ovulation, the fingerlike ends grasp the ovary and coax the egg into the tube.

Follicles:

Fluid-filled sacs in the ovary which contain the eggs released at ovulation.

Each month an egg develops inside the ovary in a fluid filled pocket called a follicle. This follicle is one inch in size and is about ready to ovulate.

 

Follicular Fluid:

The fluid inside the follicle that cushions and nourishes the ovum. When released during ovulation, the fluid stimulates the fimbria to grasp the ovary and coax the egg into the fallopian tube.

 

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH):

A pituitary hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis and follicular development. In the man FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testicles and supports sperm production. In the woman FSH stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicle. Elevated FSH levels are indicative of gonadal failure in both men and woman.

 

Follicular Phase:

The pre-ovulatory portion of a woman's cycle during which a follicle grows and high levels of estrogen cause the lining of the uterus to proliferate. Normally takes between 12 and 14 days.

 

Galactorrhea:

A clear or milky discharge from the breasts associated with elevated prolactin.

 

Gamete:

A reproductive cell: Sperm in men, the egg in women.

 

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT):

A technique that may be used in lieu of in vitro fertilization for women with patent tubes. After egg retrieval the eggs are mixed with the husband's sperm and then injected through the fimbria into the woman's fallopian tubes for in vivo fertilization.

 

Genitals:

The external sex organs, as the labia and clitoris in the woman and the penis and testicles in the man. Also called genitalia.

 

Germ Cell:

In the male the testicular cell that divides to produce the immature sperm cells; in the woman the ovarian cell that divides to form the egg (ovum). The male germ cell remains intact throughout the man's reproductive life; the woman uses up her germ cells at the rate of about one thousand per menstrual cycle, although usually only one egg matures each cycle.

 

Germ Cell Aplasia (Sertoli Cell Only):

An inherited condition in which the testicles have no germ cells. Since men with this condition have normal Leydig cells, they will develop secondary sex characteristics. May also be caused by large and/or prolonged exposure to toxins or radiation.

 

Gonadotropins:

Hormones which control reproductive function: Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Lutenizing Hormone.

 

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH):

A substance secreted by the hypothalamus every ninety minutes or so. This hormone enables the pituitary to secrete LH and FSH, which stimulate the gonads. See also FSH; LH.

 

Gonad:

The gland that makes reproductive cells and "sex" hormones, as the testicles, which make sperm and testosterone, and the ovaries, which make eggs (ova) and estrogen.

 

Gonorrhea:

An infection that is usually asymptomatic, but that may cause a bad-smelling yellowish vaginal discharge and red and swollen vaginal walls. If it reaches the fallopian tubes, the woman will suffer pain, develop a high fever, and possibly develop tubal blockage. The responsible organism may also impair sperm and prevent pregnancy. In the man gonorrhea seldom leads to damage, but it may cause a painful infection.

 

Hamster Test:

A test of the ability of sperm to penetrate a hamster egg which has been stripped of the Zona Pellucida (outer membrane). Also called SPERM PENETRATION ASSAY (SPA).

 

Hirsutism:

The overabundance of body hair, such as a mustache or pubic hair growing upward toward the navel, found in women with excess androgens.

 

Host Uterus:

Also called a "surrogate gestational mother." A couple's embryo is transferred to another woman who carries the pregnancy to term and returns the baby to the genetic parents immediately after birth.

 

Hostile Mucus:

Cervical mucus that impedes the natural progress of sperm through the cervical canal.

 

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG):

The hormone produced in early pregnancy which keeps the corpus luteum producing progesterone. Also used via injection to trigger ovulation after some fertility treatments, and used in men to stimulate testosterone production.

 

Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (HMG - PERGONAL, HUMEGON):

A combination of hormones FSH and LH, which is extracted from the urine of post-menopausal women. Used to induce ovulation in several fertility treatments.

 

Humegon (HMG):

The lutenizing and follicle-stimulating hormones recovered from the urine of post-menopausal women. Used to stimulate multiple ovulation in some fertility treatments.

 

Hyperprolactinemia:

A condition in which the pituitary gland secretes too much prolactin. Prolactin can suppress LH and FSH production, reduce sex drive in the man, and directly suppress ovarian function in the woman.

 

Hyperstimulation (Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, OHSS):

A potentially life-threatening side effect of Pergonal ovulation induction treatment. Arises when too many follicles develop and hCG is given to release the eggs. May be prevented by withholding the hCG injection when ultrasound monitoring indicates that too many follicles have matured.

Hypoestrogenic:

Having lower than normal levels of estrogen.

 

Hypogonadotropic Hypopituitarism:

A spectrum of diseases resulting in low pituitary gland output of LH and FSH. Men with this disorder have low sperm counts and may lose their virility; women do not ovulate and may lose their secondary sex characteristics.

 

Hypospermatogenesis:

Low sperm production.

 

Hypothalamus:

A part of the brain, the hormonal regulation center, located adjacent to and above the pituitary gland. In both the man and the woman this tissue secretes GnRH every ninety minutes or so. The pulsatile GnRH enables the pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH, which stimulate the gonads. See also FSH; LH; Ovary; Pituitary Gland; Testicle.

 

Hypothyroidism:

A condition in which the thyroid gland produces an insufficient amount of thyroid hormone. The resulting lowered metabolism interferes with the normal breakdown of "old" hormones and causes lethargy. Men will suffer from a lower sex drive and elevated prolactin (see Hyperprolactinemia), and women will suffer from elevated prolactin and estrogen, both of which will interfere with fertility.

 

Hysterectomy:

The surgical removal of the uterus. May also include the removal of other reproductive structures, such as the fallopian tubes and ovaries.

 

Hysterosalpingogram (HSG):

An x-ray of the pelvic organs in which a radio-opaque dye is injected through the cervix into the uterus and fallopian tubes. This test checks for malformations of the uterus and blockage of the fallopian tubes.

 

Hysteroscopy:

A procedure in which the doctor checks for uterine abnormalities by inserting a fiber-optic device. Minor surgical repairs can be executed during the procedure.

 

IAIH (Intrauterine Artificial Insemination Homologous):

Artificial insemination where the husband's sperm is injected directly into the uterus to avoid cervical mucus problems or to maximize the potential for poor semen. See also Artificial Insemination.

 

ICSI:

See also Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

 

Immature Sperm (Germinal Cell):

A sperm that has not matured and gained the ability to swim. In the presence of illness or infection such sperm may appear in the semen in large numbers. Imperforate Hymen: A condition where the membrane (hymen) covering the vagina fails to open and allow menstrual flow.

 

Implantation (Embryo):

The embedding of the embryo into tissue so it can establish contact with the mother's blood supply for nourishment. Implantation usually occurs in the lining of the uterus; however, in an ectopic pregnancy it may occur elsewhere in the body.

 

Impotence:

The inability of the man to have an erection and to ejaculate.

 

Incompetent Cervix:

See Cervix, Incompetent

 

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI):

A micromanipulation procedure where a single sperm is injected into the egg to enable fertilization with very low sperm counts or with non-motile sperm.

 

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF):

Literally means "in glass." Fertilization takes place outside the body in a small glass dish.

 

Infertility:

The inability to conceive after a year of unprotected intercourse or the inability to carry a pregnancy to term.

 

Inhibin:

A male feedback hormone made in the testicles to regulate FSH production by the pituitary gland.

 

Inhibin-F (Folliculostatin):

A female feedback hormone made in the ovary to regulate FSH production by the pituitary gland.

 

IUD (Intrauterine Device):

A device placed into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. IUD insertion has been associated with an increased incidence of infection, which may damage the fallopian tubes, and is therefore not recommended for women with multiple sexual partners.

 

Kallman's Syndrome:

A congenital hypothalamus dysfunction which has multiple symptoms including the failure to complete puberty.

 

Karyotyping:

A test performed to analyze chromosomes for the presence of genetic defects.

 

Klinefelter's Syndrome:

A genetic abnormality characterized by having one Y (male) and two X (female) chromosomes. May cause a fertility problem.

 

Laparoscope:

A small telescope that can be inserted into a hole in the abdominal wall for viewing the internal organs; the instrument used to perform a laparoscopy. Used to diagnose and treat a number of fertility problems including endometriosis, abdominal adhesions, and polycystic ovaries. Also used in egg retrieval for in vitro fertilization.

 

Laparoscopy:

Examination of the pelvic region by using a small telescope called a laparoscope.

 

Laparotomy:

Major abdominal surgery where reproductive organ abnormalities can be corrected and fertility restored, such as tubal repairs and the removal of adhesions.

 

Leiomyomata:

See Fibroid.

 

Leydig Cell:

The testicular cell that produces the male hormone testosterone. The Leydig cell is stimulated by LH from the pituitary gland.

 

Luteal Phase:

Post-ovulatory phase of a woman's cycle. The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which cause the uterine lining to thicken to support the implantation and growth of the embryo.

 

Luteal Phase Defect (or deficiency) (LPD):

A condition that occurs when the uterine lining does not develop adequately because of inadequate progesterone stimulation; or because of the inability of the uterine lining to respond to progesterone stimulation. LPD may prevent embryonic implantation or cause an early abortion.

 

Luteinized Unruptured Follicle (LUF) Syndrome:

A condition in which the follicle develops and changes into the corpus luteum without releasing the egg.

 

Luteinizing Hormone (LH):

A pituitary hormone that stimulates the gonads. In the man LH is necessary for spermatogenesis (Sertoli cell function) and for the production of testosterone (Leydig cell function). In the woman LH is necessary for the production of estrogen. When estrogen reaches a critical peak, the pituitary releases a surge of LH (the LH spike), which releases the egg from the follicle.

 

Luteinizing Hormone Surge (LH SURGE):

The release of luteinizing hormone (LH) that causes release of a mature egg from the follicle. Ovulation test kits detect the sudden increase of LH, signaling that ovulation is about to occur (usually within 24-36 hours).

 

Masturbation:

A technique used to collect semen for analysis and for artificial insemination; manual stimulation of the penis leading to ejaculation.

 

Maturation Arrest:

A testicular condition in which at one stage of sperm production all sperm development halts throughout all testicular tubules. May result in oligospermia or azozoospermia.

 

Meiosis:

The cell division, peculiar to reproductive cells, which allows genetic material to divide in half. Each new cell will contain twenty-three chromosomes. The spermatids (immature sperm) and ova (eggs) each contain twenty-three chromosomes, so when they combine (fertilize), the baby will have a normal complement of forty-six.

 

Menorrhagia:

Heavy or prolonged menstrual flow.

 

Menstruation:

The cyclical shedding of the uterine lining in response to stimulation from estrogen and progesterone.

 

Metrodin (Pure FSH):

An injectable form of Follicle Stimulating Hormone used to stimulate ovulation.

 

Metrorrhagia:

Menstrual spotting during the middle of the cycle.

 

Miscarriage:

Spontaneous loss of an embryo or fetus from the womb.

 

Mitosis:

The division of a cell into two identical cells in which all forty-six human chromosomes are duplicated; the first division of the germ cell.

 

Mittleschmerz:

The discomfort felt on one side of the lower abdomen at the time of ovulation.

 

Mycoplasma:

See Ureaplasma.

 

Myomectomy:

Surgery performed to remove fibroid tumors.

 

Oligomenorrhea:

Infrequent menstrual periods.

 

Oligospermia, Oligozoospermia:

A sperm count below 20 million; a low sperm count; a sperm count low enough to cause a fertility problem.

 

Orgasm:

The psychological and physical thrill that accompanies sexual climax. For the man orgasm causes ejaculation.

 

Ovarian Cyst:

A fluid-filled sac inside the ovary. An ovarian cyst may be found in conjunction with ovulation disorders, tumors of the ovary, and endometriosis. See also Chocolate Cyst.

 

Ovarian Failure:

The failure of the ovary to respond to FSH stimulation from the pituitary because of damage to or malformation of the ovary. Diagnosed by elevated FSH in the blood.

 

Ovulation:

The release of the egg (ovum) from the ovarian follicle.

 

Ovulation Induction:

Medical treatment performed to initiate ovulation. See also Clomiphene Citrate; Pergonal.

 

Ovulatory Failure (Anovulation):

The failure to ovulate.

 

Ovum:

The egg; the reproductive cell from the ovary; the female gamete; the sex cell that contains the woman's genetic information.

 

Panhypopituitarism:

Complete pituitary gland failure.

 

Parlodel:

See Bromocriptine.

 

Patent:

The condition of being open, as with tubes that form part of the reproductive organs.

 

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID):

An infection of the pelvic organs that causes severe illness, high fever, and extreme pain. PID may lead to tubal blockage and pelvic adhesions.

 

Penile Implant:

A device surgically inserted into the penis to provide rigidity for intercourse. Used to treat impotence.

 

Penis:

The male organ that becomes enlarged and erect for the purpose of depositing semen in the woman's vagina.

 

Pergonal (HMG):

A medication used to replace the pituitary hormones, LH and FSH. May be used to induce ovulation in women who do not respond to clomiphene citrate. Most frequently used with women who do not normally produce estrogen because of a pituitary gland or hypothalamic malfunction. May also be used with men to stimulate sperm production.

 

PID:

See Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

 

Pituitary Gland:

The master gland; the gland that is stimulated by the hypothalamus and controls all hormonal functions. Located at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus, this gland controls many major hormonal factories throughout the body including the gonads, the adrenal glands, and the thyroid gland.

 

Placenta:

The embryonic tissue that invades the uterine wall and provides a mechanism for exchanging the baby's waste products for the mother's nutrients and oxygen. The baby is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord.

 

Polar Body:

The discarded genetic material resulting from female germ cell division. See also Meiosis.

 

Polycystic Ovaries (PCO or "Stein-Leventhal Syndrome"):

A condition found in women who don't ovulate, characterized by excessive production of androgens (male sex hormones) and the presence of cysts in the ovaries. Though PCO can be without symptoms, some include excessive weight gain, acne and excessive hair growth.

 

Post Coital Test (PCT):

A microscopic examination of the cervical mucus best performed twelve or more hours after intercourse to determine compatibility between the woman's mucus and the man's semen; a test used to detect sperm-mucus interaction problems, the presence of sperm antibodies, and the quality of the cervical mucus.

 

Posttesticular System:

The ducts that store and deliver the sperm to the opening of the penis; also includes the glands that produce seminal fluids.

 

Premature Ejaculation:

A condition in which the man becomes so sexually excited that most of the time he ejaculates prior to penetrating the woman's vagina.

 

Premature Ovarian Failure:

A condition where the ovary runs out of follicles before the normal age associated with menopause.

 

Pretesticular System:

The male hormonal system responsible for stimulating sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

 

Progesterone:

The hormone produced by the corpus luteum during the second half of a woman's cycle. It thickens the lining of the uterus to prepare it to accept implantation of a fertilized egg.

 

Progesterone Withdrawal:

A diagnostic procedure used to analyze menstrual irregularity and amenorrhea; uterine "bleeding" that occurs within two weeks after taking progesterone; a procedure used to demonstrate the presence or absence of estrogen and to demonstrate the ability of the uterus and reproductive tract to "bleed." Prior to ovulation induction therapy, progesterone withdrawal may be used to induce a menstrual period.

 

Prolactin:

The hormone that stimulates the production of milk in breastfeeding women. Excessive prolactin levels when not breastfeeding may result in infertility.

 

Prostaglandin:

A hormone secreted by the uterine lining. It is hypothesized that prostaglandins secreted by active, young endometrial implants may interfere with the reproductive organs by causing muscular contractions or spasms.

 

Prostate Gland:

A gland in the male reproductive system that produces a portion of the semen including a chemical that liquefies the coagulated semen twenty minutes to go one hour after entering the vagina.

 

Puberty:

The time of life when the body begins making adult levels of sex hormones - (estrogen or testosterone) and the youngster takes on adult body characteristics: developing breasts, growing a beard, pubic hair, and auxiliary hair; attaining sexual maturity.

 

Refractory Period:

A period of time after orgasm during which a man or woman cannot have another; a recovery period.

 

Resistant Ovary:

An ovary that cannot respond to the follicle-stimulating message sent by FSH. Primitive germ cells will be present in the ovary; however, they will not respond to FSH stimulation.

 

Retrograde Ejaculation:

A male fertility problem that allows the sperm to travel into the bladder instead of out the opening of the penis due to a failure in the sphincter muscle at the base of the bladder.

 

Salpingectomy:

Surgical removal of the fallopian tube.

 

Salpingolysis:

Surgery performed to remove adhesions that restrict the movement and function of reproductive organs.

 

Salpingostomy/Fimbrioplasty:

Surgical repair made to the fallopian tubes; a procedure used to open the fimbria.

 

Scrotum:

The bag of skin and thin muscle surrounding the man's testicles.

 

Secondary Infertility:

The inability of a couple which has successfully achieved pregnancy to achieve another. This strict medical definition includes couples for whom the pregnancy did not go to term. The common vernacular, however, refers to a couple which has one biological child but is unable to conceive another.

 

Secondary Sex Characteristics:

The physical qualities that distinguish man and woman, such as beard, large breasts, and deep voice. Formed under the stimulation of the sex hormones (testosterone or estrogen), these characteristics also identify those people who have gone through puberty (sexual maturity).

 

Semen:

The fluid portion of the ejaculate consisting of secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and several other glands in the male reproductive tract. The semen provides nourishment and protection for the sperm and a medium in which the sperm can travel to the woman's vagina. Semen may also refer to the entire ejaculate, including the sperm.

 

Semen Analysis:

A laboratory test used to assess semen quality: sperm quantity, concentration, morphology (form), and motility. In addition, it measures semen (fluid) volume and whether or not white blood cells are present, indicating an infection.

 

Semen Viscosity:

The liquid flow or consistency of the semen.

 

Seminal Vesicles:

Glands in the male reproductive system which produce much of the semen volume, including fructose (sugar) for nourishing the sperm and a chemical that causes the semen to coagulate on entering the vagina.

 

Seminiferous Tubes:

The testicular tubules in which the sperm mature and move toward the epididymis.

 

Septate uterus:

 A uterus divided into right and left halves by a wall of tissue (septum). Women with a septate uterus have an increased chance of early pregnancy loss.

 

Serophene:

Brand name for clomiphene citrate. (See CLOMID.)

 

Sertoli (Nurse) Cell:

A testicular cell responsible for nurturing the spermatids (immature sperm). Secretes inhibin, a feedback hormone, which regulates FSH production by the pituitary gland. When stimulated by FSH, the Sertoli cell initiates spermatogenesis.

 

Sheehan's Syndrome:

A condition caused by profuse hemorrhage at the time of delivery. The severe blood loss shocks the pituitary gland, which dies and becomes nonfunctional.

 

Short Luted Phase:

A condition in which the corpus luteum deteriorates prematurely, causing the menstrual period to begin approximately ten days (instead of fourteen) after ovulation. Frequently found with women undergoing ovulation induction treatment.

 

Sonogram (Ultrasound):

Use of high-frequency sound waves for creating an image of internal body parts. Used to detect and count follicle growth (and disappearance) in many fertility treatments. Also used to detect and monitor pregnancy.

 

Sperm:

The microscopic cell that carries the male's genetic information to the female's egg; the male reproductive cell; the male gamete.

 

Sperm Agglutination:

Sperm clumping caused by antibody reactions or by infection.

 

Sperm Antibodies:

Antibodies that attack and maim sperm. May be formed by either the man against his own sperm or by the woman against her husband's sperm.

 

Sperm Bank:

A place where sperm are kept frozen in liquid nitrogen for later use in artificial insemination.

 

Sperm Count:

The number of sperm in ejaculate. Also called sperm concentration and given as the number of sperm per milliliter.

 

Sperm Maturation:

A process during which the sperm grow and gain their ability to swim. Sperm take about ninety days to reach maturity.

 

Sperm Morphology:

A semen analysis factor that indicates the number or percentage of sperm in the sample that appear to have been formed normally. Abnormal morphology includes sperm with kinked, doubled, or coiled tails.

 

Sperm Motility:

The ability of sperm to swim. Poor motility means the sperm have a difficult time swimming toward their goal---the egg.

 

Sperm Penetration:

The ability of the sperm to penetrate the egg so it can deposit the genetic material during fertilization.

 

Spermatogenesis:

Sperm production in the testicles.

 

Spinnbarkeit:

The "stretchability" of cervical mucus; the stringy quality that occurs at midcycle under the influence of estrogen. See also Postcoital Test.

 

Split Ejaculate:

A method used to concentrate the sperm for insemination; separating the semen into two portions: the first portion of the ejaculate, which is rich in sperm, and the second portion, which contains mostly seminal fluid.

 

Spontaneous Abortion:

See Abortion, Spontaneous.

 

Stein-Leventhal Disease:

Another name for polycystic ovaries.

 

Sterility:

An irreversible condition that prevents conception.

 

Stillbirth:

The death of a fetus between the twentieth week of gestation and birth.

 

Superovulation:

Stimulation of multiple ovulation with fertility drugs; also known as controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH).

 

Surrogate Mother:

A woman who is artificially inseminated and carries to term a baby which will be raised by its genetic father and his partner.

 

Testicular Biopsy:

A minor surgical procedure used to take a small sample of testicular tissue for microscopic examination; a test used to diagnose male fertility problems when no other means is available (this is because the biopsy procedure itself may cause testicular damage).

 

Testicular Biopsy:

A minor surgical procedure used to take a small sample of testicular tissue for microscopic examination; a test used to diagnose male fertility problems when no other means is available (this is because the biopsy procedure itself may cause testicular damage).

 

Testicular Enzyme Defect:

A congenital enzyme defect that prevents the testes from responding to hormonal stimulation. Will result in oligospermia or azozoospermia.

 

Testicular Failure, Primary:

A congenital, developmental, or genetic error resulting in a testicular malformation that prevents sperm production.

 

Testicular Failure, Secondary:

Acquired testicular damage - for example, from drugs, prolonged exposure to toxic substances, or a varicocoele.

 

Testicular Feminization:

An enzymatic defect that prevents a man from responding to the male hormone testosterone. The man will look like a woman, but karyotyping will reveal a normal XY male chromosome pattern, and testosterone levels will be in the normal male range.

 

Testicular Function:

The ability of the testicles to produce sperm and testosterone.

 

Testicular Stress Pattern:

A semen analysis result showing depressed sperm production, poor sperm motility, and poor sperm morphology. The pattern is consistent with secondary testicular failure or illness.

 

Testosterone:

The male hormone responsible for the formation of secondary sex characteristics and for supporting the sex drive. Testosterone is also necessary for spermatogenesis.

 

Thyroid Gland:

The endocrine gland in the front of the neck that produces thyroid hormones to regulate the body's metabolism.

 

Torsion:

The twisting of the testis inside the scrotum. Besides causing extreme pain and swelling, the rotation twists off the blood supply and causes severe damage to the testicle. Torsion of the ovary may also occur in a woman suffering from hyperstimulation, a complication of ovulation induction treatment.

 

Trichomonas:

An infection that may produce a greenish, bad-smelling vaginal discharge.

 

Tubocornual Anastomosis:

Surgery performed to remove a blocked portion of the fallopian tube and to reconnect the tube to the uterus. Tubouterine implantation may also be performed to remove fallopian tube blockage near the uterus and re-implant the tube in the uterus.

 

Tubo-tubal Anastomosis:

Surgery performed to remove a diseased portion of the fallopian tube and reconnect the two ends; sterilization reversal.

 

Turner's Syndrome:

The most common genetic defect contributing to female fertility problems. The ovaries fail to form and appear as slender threads of atrophic ovarian tissue, referred to as streak ovaries. Karyotyping will reveal that this woman has only one female (X) chromosome instead of two.

 

Ultrasound:

A test used instead of X rays to visualize the reproductive organs; for example, to monitor follicular development and to examine the tubes and uterus. The instrument works by bouncing sound waves off the organs. A picture displayed on a TV screen shows the internal organs.

 

Umbilical Cord:

Two arteries and one vein encased in a gelatinous tube leading from the baby to the placenta. Used to exchange nutrients and oxygen from the mother for waste products from the baby.

 

Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism):

The failure of the testicles to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum by one year of age. If not repaired by age six, may result in permanent fertility loss.

 

Unicornuate Uterus:

An abnormality in which the uterus is "one sided" and smaller than usual.

 

Ureaplasma (Mycoplasma):

An infection that may cause the formation of sperm antibodies and an inflammation of the uterine lining, either of which may interfere with implantation of the embryo.

 

Urethra:

The tube that allows urine to pass between the bladder and the outside of the body. In the man this tube also carries semen from the area of the prostate to the outside.

 

Urologist:

A physician specializing in the genitourinary tract.

 

Uterus:

The hollow, muscular organ that houses and nourishes the fetus during pregnancy.

 

Vagina:

The canal leading from the cervix to the outside of the woman's body; the birth passage.

 

Vaginitis:

Yeast, bacterial vaginosis, or trichomonas infections of the vagina. Frequent vaginitis may indicate the presence of pelvic adhesions and tubal blockage from other infections, such as chlamydia. Vaginitis may interfere with sperm penetration of the cervical mucus, and the symptoms may even interfere with the ability and desire to have intercourse.

 

Varicocoele:

A dilation of the veins that carry blood out of the scrotum. The resulting swollen vessels surrounding the testicles create a pool of stagnant blood, which elevates the scrotal temperature. A major cause of male infertility.

 

Vas Deferens:

One of the tubes through which the sperm move from the testicles (epididymis) toward the seminal vesicles and prostate gland. These tubes are severed during a vasectomy performed for birth control.

 

Vasectomy:

The accidental or elective surgical separation of the vasa deferential a procedure used for birth control.

 

Venereal Disease:

Any infection that can be sexually transmitted, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, ureaplasma, and syphilis. Many of these diseases will interfere with fertility and some will cause severe illness. See also PID.

 

Virility:

Masculinization; having male secondary sex characteristics; being able to perform sexually.

 

X Chromosome:

The congenital, developmental, or genetic information in the cell that transmits the information necessary to make a female. All eggs contain one X chromosome, and half of all sperm carry an X chromosome. When two X chromosomes combine, the baby will be a girl. See also Y. Chromosome.

 

Y Chromosome:

The genetic material that transmits the information necessary to make a male. The Y chromosome can be found in one-half of the man's sperm cells. When an X and a Y chromosome combine, the baby will be a boy. See also X Chromosome.

Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT):

An ART in which eggs are removed from a woman's ovaries, fertilized with the man's sperm in a lab dish, and the resulting embryos are transferred into the woman's fallopian tubes during a minor surgical procedure.

Ablation -- separation or detachment; extirpation; eradication. 2. removal or destruction of a part, expecially by cutting. Ablation of endometriomas.

Abortion -- Spontaneous: A pregnancy loss during the first twenty weeks of gestation. Habitual: When a woman has had three or more miscarriages. Incomplete: An abortion after which some tissue remains inside the uterus. A D&C must be performed to remove the tissue and prevent complications. Missed: The fetus dies in the uterus but there is no bleeding or cramping. A D&C will be needed to remove the fetal remains and prevent complications. Therapeutic: A procedure used to terminate a pregnancy before the fetus can survive on its own. Threatened: Spotting or bleeding that occurs early in the pregnancy. May progress to spontaneous abortion.

ACA -- See Anticardiolipin Antibodies.

Acrosome -- The enzymes in a sperm's head that allows it to make a hole in the coating around an egg, penetrate and fertilize the egg.

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) -- A coagulation test performed by adding a "partial thromboplastin" reagent (contact activating substance such as silica, phospholipid, and calcium) to citrated plasma, and measuring the time to clot (normal 25 - 35 seconds). This test is often used when patients are on medications that thin blood, such as Heparin.

ACTH -- See Adrenal Corticotropic Hormone.

Adhesion -- Scar tissue occurring in the abdominal cavity, fallopian tubes, or inside the uterus. Adhesions can interfere with transport of the egg and implantation of the embryo in the uterus.

Adnexa -- the region of the pelvis that includes the ovary, fallopian tube and surrounding broad ligament. plural: adnexae

Adrenal Androgens -- Male hormones produced by the adrenal gland which, when found in excess, may lead to fertility problems in both men and women. Excess androgens in the woman may lead to the formation of male secondary sex characteristics and the suppression of LH and FSH production by the pituitary gland. Elevated levels of androgens may be found in women with polycystic ovaries, or with a tumor in the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, or ovary. May also be associated with excess prolactin levels.

Adrenal Corticotropic Hormone (ACTH) -- A hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the adrenal glands. Excessive levels may lead to fertility problems.

Agglutination -- Clumping together. Sperm may clump together due to infection, inflammation or antibodies.

AH, AZH -- See Assisted Hatching.

AI -- See Artificial Insemination, Donor Insemination, Intrauterine Insemination (IUI).

AID -- Artificial Insemination Donor. See Artificial Insemination, Donor Insemination, Intrauterine Insemination (IUI).

AIH -- Artificial Insemination Homologous/Husband. See Artificial Insemination, Intrauterine Insemination (IUI).

Alloimmune Factors -- Natural killer cells, leukocyte antigen cross match. Alloimmune factors can lead to pregnancy loss in two different ways. First, the body fails to recognize a pregnancy, and second, there is an abnormal immunological response to the pregnancy. A patient may be tested for leukocyte antibodies, natural killer cells, and embryo toxic factor. Possible treatments are intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) or paternal white blood cell immunization.

Amenorrhea -- The absence of menstruation. Primary Amenorrhea afflicts a woman who has never menstruated. Secondary Amenorrhea afflicts a woman who has menstruated at one time, but who has not had a period for six months or more.

Amniocentesis -- A test where amniotic fluid is aspirated to test the fetus for genetic abnormalities.

ANA -- See Anti-nuclear Antibodies.

Androgens -- Male sex hormones such as testosterone and DHEAS.

Andrologist -- A physician-scientist who performs laboratory evaluations of male fertility. May hold a Ph.D. degree instead of an M.D. Usually affiliated with a fertility treatment center working on in vitro fertilization.

Anovulation -- The absence of ovulation.

Anteverted Uterus -- Uterus that tips forward toward that bladder.

Antibodies -- Chemicals made by the body to fight or attack foreign substances entering the body. Normally they prevent infection; however, when they attack the sperm or fetus, they cause infertility. Sperm antibodies may be made by either the man or the woman.

Anticardiolipin Antibodies (ACA) -- An antibody directed against cardiolipin. These are one of the antiphospholipid group of antibodies. They are the most widely accepted and tested for immune factor. Approximately 80% of patients who have an antiphospholipid antibody problem will test positive for anticardiolipin antibodies, but the remaining 20% will test positive for one of the other six antiphospholipid antibodies. See Antiphospholipid Antibodies.

Antigen -- A substance that causes antibodies to form.

Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) -- Antinuclear antibodies react against normal components of the cell nucleus. The may be present in a number of immunologic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and certain collagen diseases, and in about 1% of normal individuals. If you have systemic lupus erythematosus, it can be transmitted through the placenta to the baby, resulting in heart problems.

Antiovarian Antibodies (AOA, AVA) -- Antibodies against ovarian targets. Such antibodies would bind to important functional sites in the ovary and granulosa cells and impair the normal response.

Antiphospholipid Antibodies (APA) -- Antibodies which attack phospholipids. The presence of Antiphospholipid antibodies may indicate there is an underlying process that results in recurrent pregnancy loss. Phospholipids work to hold dividing cells together, and are necessary for growth of the placenta into the wall of the uterus. They also filter nourishment from the mother's blood to the baby, and filter the baby's waste back through the placenta. There are 7 antiphospholipid antibodies: anticardiolipin (ACA), phosphoethanolamine, phosphoinositol, phosphatidic acid, phosphoglycerol, phosphoserine, and hosphocholine. See article: Immunology may be key to pregnancy loss.

Antisperm Antibodies (ASA) -- Antibodies are produced by the immune system to fight off foreign substances,like bacteria. Antisperm antibodies attach themselves to sperm and inhibit movement and their ability to fertilize. Either the man or the woman may produce sperm antibodies.

Antithyroid Antibodies (ATA) -- Antibodies that interfere with thyroid functions, and thus with normal metabolism. They are also indicators for a predisposition of the patient to auto immunity which may involve additional autoimmune problems that interfere with the reproductive process such as ACA, APA, ASA.

APA -- See Antiphospholipid Antibodies.

APTT -- See Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time.

Artificial Insemination (AI) -- Placing sperm into the vagina, uterus or fallopian tubes through artificial means instead of by coitus -- usually injected through a catheter or cannula after being washed. This procedure is used for both donor (AID) and husband's (AIH) sperm. This technique is used to overcome sexual performance problems, to circumvent sperm-mucus interaction problems, to maximize the potential for poor semen, and for using donor sperm. See Intrauterine Insemination.

Artificial Spermatocoele -- An artificial, surgically created pouch used to collect sperm from men with irreversible tubal blockage.

ASA -- See Antisperm Antibodies.

Asherman's Syndrome -- A condition where the uterine walls adhere to one another. Usually caused by uterine inflammation.

Aspermia -- The absence of sperm and semen.

Aspiration -- Suctioning of fluid. For example, suctioning the fluid from a follicle to retrieve an egg.

Assisted Hatching (AH, AZH) -- Thinning out the zona pellucida prior to transferring the embryo into the uterus.

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) -- Several procedures employed to bring about conception without sexual intercourse, including IUI, IVF, GIFT and ZIFT.

Asthenozoospermia -- Low sperm motility.

Asymptomatic -- Having no symptoms.

Autoimmune -- An immune reaction against one's own tissue.

AVA, AOA -- See Antiovarian antibodies.

Azoospermia -- Absence of sperm in ejaculate. Obstructive Azoospermia: The result of obstruction in either the upper or lower male reproductive tract (epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles or ejaculatory ducts). Sperm production may be normal (which may be verified through testicular biopsy), but the obstruction is preventing the sperm from being ejaculated. Some causes of obstructive azoospermia are vasectomy, congenital absence of vas deferens, scarring from past infections, and hernia operations. Non-obstructive Azoospermia: Severely impaired or non-existent sperm production. Some sperm may be found and extracted directly from the testicles.

Baby Aspirin -- Low dose aspirin (80-100 mg) used in infertility treatment to increase blood flow to the uterus. Often used in conjunction with Heparin in patients with immune problems.

Bacterial Vaginosis -- It occurs when the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina changes and an overgrowth of some bacteria normally found in the vagina occurs. It is associated with infertility, miscarriage, pre-term birth, and low-birth weight babies.

Balanced Translocation (BT) -- Is when a person has the correct number of chromosomes, but the pieces are joined up incorrectly. The problem can be inherited from one parent and then balanced out by the other. If both partners have similar problems, recurrent miscarriage may occur.

Basal Body Temperature (BBT) -- Your body temperature when taken at its lowest point, usually in the morning before getting out of bed. Charting BBT is used to predict ovulation. BBTs are not very reliable while taking fertility medications. Biphasic: A BBT pattern consistent with ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone. This hormone will elevate the basal body temperature about one-half degree during the latter half of the menstrual cycle. Monophasic: An anovulatory BBT pattern where the temperature remains relatively constant throughout the cycle. Triphasic: Similar to a biphasic BBT pattern, but adds a jump to a third level of temperatures around the time implantation should occur and may indicate pregnancy.

Beta HCG Test -- A blood test used to detect very early pregnancies and to evaluate embryonic development. A beta test usually refers to a quantitative hCG in which the units of hCG are counted, but it sometimes refers to a qualitative (yes/no) test that reads to an hCG level under 50 (level is lab dependent).

BG -- See Blood Glucose.

Bicornuate Uterus -- A congenital malformation of the uterus where the upper portion (horn) is duplicated.

Biphasic -- Having two phases. Used to describe BBT charts that show a clear shift from the follicular phase (before ovulation) to the luteal phase (after ovulation).

Blastocyst -- An embryo that has developed for five days after fertilization. At this point theembryo has two different cell types and a central cavity. The surface cells (trophectoderm) will become the placenta, and the inner cell mass, will become the fetus. A healthy blastocyst should hatch from the zona pellucida by the end of the sixth day. Within about 24 hours after hatching, it should begin to implant into the lining of the uterus.

Blastocyst Tranfer -- Allowing in vitro fertilized embryos to reach blastocyst stage, usually 5 days, before transferring the embryos into the uterus.

Blighted Ovum -- A pregnancy that stops developing very early on. The amniotic sac may only contain fluid and no fetal tissue when the miscarriage occurs.

Blood Glucose (BG) -- Blood sugar. Affected by food that is consumed.

Bromocriptine (Parlodel) -- An oral medication used to reduce prolactin levels and reduce the size of a pituitary tumor when present. This medication often causes dizziness and upset stomach and must be started with a small dose which is gradually increased as needed. This medication is equally effective when the tablet is placed into the vagina.

Buserelin -- A long-acting GnRH available in Europe as a nasal spray and used to create the pseudomenopause desirable for reducing the size and number of endometriotic lesions. It can also be used to treat fibroid tumors, PMS, hirsutism, ovulation induction and for in vitro fertilization.

Candidiasis (Yeast) -- An infection that may be uncomfortable and itchy and may impair fertility.

Cannula -- A hollow tube like that used for insemination.

Capacitation -- A process that sperm undergo as they travel through the woman's reproductive tract. Capacitation enables the sperm to penetrate the egg.

Catheter -- A hollow flexible tube used to aspirate or inject fluids.

CD56+ -- See Natural Killer Cells.

CDS -- cul de sac or region of the pelvis immediately behind the uterus.

Centrifuge -- A machine that separates materials with different densities by spinning them at high speed. Used in sperm washing.

Cerclage -- A surgical stitch (suture) used to try to keep cervix tightly closed. Used for women with Incompetent Cervix.

Cervical Stenosis -- A blockage of the cervical canal from a congenital defect or from complications of surgical procedures. See also cervix.

Cervical Smear -- A sample of the cervical mucus examined microscopically to assess the presence of estrogen (ferning) and white blood cells, indicating possible infection.

Cervical Mucus -- A viscous fluid plugging the opening of the cervix. Most of the time this thick mucus plug prevents sperm and bacteria from entering the womb. However, at midcycle, under the influence of estrogen, the mucus becomes thin, watery, and stringy to allow sperm to pass into the womb. See also cervix.

Cervicitis -- An inflamation of the cervix.

Cervix -- The opening between the uterus and the vagina. The cervical mucus plugs the cervical canal and normally prevents foreign materials from entering the reproductive tract. The cervix remains closed during pregnancy and dilates during labor and delivery to allow the baby to be born.

Cervix, Incompetent -- See Incompetent Cervix.

Chemical Pregnancy -- A pregnancy where hCG levels are detected, but the pregnancy is lost before a heartbeat is seen on an ultrasound. This is a very early miscarriage -- often before the woman misses a period.

Chlamydia -- A common bacterial sexually transmitted disease that can lead to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.

Chocolate Cyst -- A cyst in the ovary that is filled with old blood; endometrioma. Occurring when endometriosis invades an ovary, it causes the ovary to swell. Frequently, patients with large endometriomas do not have any symptoms. If the cyst ruptures or the ovary containing the cyst twists, emergency surgery may be necessary. Usually treatment can be carried out through the laparoscope.

Chromosome -- The structures in the cell that carry the genetic material (genes: DNA); the genetic messengers of inheritance. The human has forty-six chromosomes, twenty-three coming from the egg and twenty-three coming from the sperm.

Chromosome Analysis -- See Karyotyping.

Chorionic Villae Sampling (CVS) -- An alternative to amniocentesis that can be done earlier in the pregnancy. It is a biopsy of the placenta that is used to check for genetic abnormalities in the fetus.

Cilia -- Tiny hairlike projections lining the inside surface of the fallopian tubes. The waving action of these "hairs" sweeps the egg toward the uterus.

Clomid -- A brand name of clomiphene citrate.

Clomiphene Citrate (Clomid, Serophene) -- A fertility drug that stimulates ovulation through the release of gonadotropins from the pituitary gland.

Clomiphene Citrate Challenge Test (CCCT, CCT) -- This test entails the oral (by mouth) administration of 100 milligrams of clomiphene citrate on menstrual cycle days 5-9. Blood levels of FSH are measured on cycle day 3 and again on cycle day 10. Elevated blood levels of FSH on cycle day 3 or cycle day 10 are associated with very low pregnancy. See "Clomid Use and Abuse."

CMV -- See Cytomegalovirus.

COH -- Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation.

Colposcopy -- Use of a scope to examine the cervix for abnormal cells.

Conception -- The fertilization of an egg by sperm that leads to the creation of a new being.

Condom Therapy -- Therapy prescribed to reduce the number of sperm antibodies in the woman by using a condom during intercourse for six months or more and by the woman refraining from all skin contact with the husband's sperm. The woman's antibody level may fall to levels that will not adversely affect the sperm.

Cone Biopsy -- A surgical procedure used to remove precancerous cells from the cervix. The procedure may damage the cervix and thus disrupt normal mucus production or cause an incompetent cervix, which may open prematurely during pregnancy.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia -- A congenital condition characterized by elevated androgens which suppress the pituitary gland and interfere with spermatogenesis or ovulation. Women may have ambiguous genitalia from the excess production of male hormone.

Congenital Defect -- A birth defect, acquired during pregnancy but not necessarily hereditary.

Conization -- Treatment for abnormal or precancerous cells on the cervix in which a cone-shaped section of the cervix is remove.

Continuing Infertile -- Someone who has gone through primary infertility, successfully given birth, and is trying for another child.

Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation (COH) -- Using fertility medications to stimulate the growth of multiple follicles for ovulation. Also called Superovulation.

Corpus Luteum -- The yellow-pigmented glandular structure that forms from the ovarian follicle following ovulation. The gland produces progesterone, which is responsible for preparing and supporting the uterine lining for implantation. Progesterone also causes the half-degree or more basal temperature elevation noted after ovulation. If the corpus luteum functions poorly, the uterine lining may not support a pregnancy. If the egg is fertilized, a corpus luteum of pregnancy forms to maintain the endometrial bed and support the implanted embryo. A deficiency in the amount of progesterone produced (or the length of time it is produced) by the corpus luteum can mean the endometrium is unable to sustain a pregnancy. This is called Luteal Phase Defect (LPD).

COS -- See Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation.

Cryopreservation -- Freezing quickly and then storing, as in sperm, embryos, and, more recently, unfertilized eggs.

Cryptorchidism -- When one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum.

Cumulus Oophorus -- The protective layer of cells surrounding the egg.

Cushing's Syndrome -- A condition characterized by an overproduction of adrenal gland secretions. The person will suffer from high blood pressure and water retention as well as a number of other symptoms. A concurrent elevation of adrenal androgens will suppress pituitary output of LH and FSH and result in low sperm production or ovulatory failure. A woman may also develop male secondary sex characteristics, including abnormal hair growth. Cushing's Disease is another condition in which these same symptoms occur, but as the result of a pituitary tumor.

Cycle Day -- The day of a woman's menstrual cycle. The first day (day 1) is when full flow starts before mid-afternoon.

Cyst -- A fluid-filled sac.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) -- A group of viruses that cause enlargement of cells of various organs. Infection in a fetus can cause jaundice, high-tone deafness, eye problems, malformation, or fetal death.

Cytoplasmic Transfer -- An extension of in vitro fertilization which takes the genetic material from a mother's egg and combines it with the cytoplasma of a donor egg. Two methods of cytoplasm transfer were developed, one which transfers a small amount of cytoplasm by tiny needle from the donor to the recipient egg, the other transfers a larger amount of cytoplasm which is then fused to the recipient cytoplasm with electricity. See Cytoplasmic Transfer article.

D&C -- See Dilation and Curettage.

D&E -- See Dilation & Evacuation.

Danazol (Danocrine) -- A synthetic androgen used to treat endometriosis. Suppresses LH and FSH production by the pituitary and causes a state of amenorrhea during which the endometrial implants waste away. Many women experience oily skin, acne, weight gain, abnormal hair growth, deepening of the voice and muscle cramps with this medication.

Day 1 -- The first day of a woman's cycle with menses in full flow (not just spotting). Flow should begin before mid-afternoon or the next day would be considered Day 1.

Days Post-Ovulation (DPO) -- The number of days a woman is past ovulation. Counting begins the day after ovulation, so if ovulation is on Wednesday, Saturday would be 3 DPO.

Days Post-Transfer (DPT) -- The number of days a woman is past embryo transfer. Counting begins the day after transfer, so if is on Monday, Friday would be 4 DPO.

DES -- Se Diethylstilbestrol.

DHEAS -- See Dihydroepiandrosterone Sulfate.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) -- A synthetic estrogen prescribed in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s to women to prevent miscarriage. Many male and female fetuses exposed in utero to this drug developed numerous deformities including blockage of the vas deferens, uterine abnormalities, cervical deformities, miscarriages, and unexplained infertility. DES was banned in 1971 by the FDA in the U.S. for pregnant women. DES daughter/son: the daughter/son of a woman who used DES. Research is also looking into effects on DES grandchildren.

Dihydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS) -- An androgen produced primarily by the adrenal gland. A high level suggests too much adrenal androgen output. See "Adrenal Androgens."

Dilation and Curettage (D&C) -- A procedure used to dilate the cervical canal and scrape out the lining and contents of the uterus. The procedure can be used to diagnose or treat the cause of abnormal bleeding and to terminate an unwanted pregnancy.

Dilation & Evacuation (D&E) -- A procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the baby and placenta are removed. D&E is used to describe two different procedures. One is similar to a D&C and uses more suction than scraping, and is performed on first trimester pregnancies. A D&E can also be used to describe a surgical removal of a fetus between 14-20 weeks gestation as an alternative to induced labor.

Direct Intra-peritoneal Insemination (DIPI, IPI) -- Injection of sperm into the peritoneal cavity. A form or artificial insemination that may be used with low sperm counts and motility.

Direct Oocyte-Sperm Transfer (DOST) -- Involves transvaginal retrieval of eggs from the stimulated ovary, just as in standard IVF. However, following retrieval, instead of inseminating the eggs with sperm and placing them into the incubator, the eggs are inseminated and transferred directly into the uterus nonsurgically two hours later. This allows the eggs to fertilize within the uterus, making it acceptable for women with damaged, nonfunctional or absent fallopian tubes, just as in IVF.

Donor Egg -- Eggs donated by one woman to another.

Donor Insemination -- Artificial insemination with donor sperm. See Artificial Insemination, Intrauterine Insemination.

Doxycycline -- A tetracycline derivative; an antibiotic that inhibits many of the microorganisms infecting the reproductive tract. Often used for treating ureaplasma infections. Many physicians find routine treatment with this antibiotic more cost-effective than performing multiple cultures on both the husband and wife looking for infection.

DPO -- See Days Post-Ovulation

DPT -- See Days Post-Transfer.

Dysfunction -- Abnormal function.

Dysmenorrhea -- Painful menstruation.

Dyspareunia -- Difficult or painful coitus.

Ectopic Pregnancy -- A pregnancy located outside of the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube. Such a pregnancy can rarely be sustained, and often leads to decreased or complete loss of function in the affected tube. Treatment is usually laparoscopic removal of the embryo or use of the chemotherapy drug Methotrexate that attacks fast growing cells and may dissolve the pregnancy without causing major damage to the tube.

EDD -- See Estimated Due Date.

Egg (Oocyte) -- The female reproductive cell.

Egg Donation -- The act of donating eggs to someone else for use in attempting pregnancy through in vitro fertilization.

Egg Donor -- A women who contracts to donate eggs to an infertile couple for in vitro fertilization.

Egg Retrieval -- A procedure used to obtain eggs from ovarian follicles for use in several ARTs including in vitro fertilization, GIFT, and ZIFT. The procedure may be performed during laparoscopy or by using a long needle and ultrasound to locate the follicle in the ovary.

Ejaculate -- The semen and sperm released at orgasm, or the act of releasing semen at orgasm.

Elective Abortion -- The voluntary termination of a pregnancy for non-medical reasons.

Electroejaculation -- A controlled electric stimulation to induce ejaculation in a man with damage to the nerves that control ejaculation.

Embryo -- The early products of conception; the undifferentiated beginnings of a baby; the conceptus.

Embryologist -- A scientist who specializes is embryo development.

Embryo Toxic Factor (ETF) -- An immune response against a woman may have against her own fetus in a pregnancy that may result in the loss of the pregnancy. Treatment is high doses of progesterone until the 16th week of pregnancy.

Embryo Toxicity Assay (ETA) -- A combination of two procedures. The first involves maternal cell (lymphocyte) culture which is aimed at stimulating the lymphocytes using components of the human embryo (trophoblast) cell line, and the second is an embryo culture. These procedures are used to measure if the patient's lymphocytes secrete anything that be toxic to the embryo (test utilizes two-cell stage mouse embryos). Women who have been sensitized in the course of their earlier pregnancies or in any other mode, could amass an immune response against their own fetus in the following pregnancy, and end up losing it (in the implantation process or later in the first trimester).

Embryo Transfer (ET) -- Placing an egg fertilized outside the womb into a woman's uterus or fallopian tube.

Empty Sella Syndrome -- A condition that occurs when spinal fluid leaks into the bony chamber (fossa) housing the pituitary gland. The fluid pressure compresses the pituitary gland and may adversely affect its ability to secrete LH and FSH and may elevate prolactin levels.

Endocrine Gland -- An organ that produces hormones.

Endocrine System -- System of glands including the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals and testicles or ovaries.

Endometrial Biopsy (EB, Ebx, EMB)-- A test to check for Luteal Phase Defect or Hyperplasia. A procedure during which a sample of the uterine lining is collected for microscopic analysis. The biopsy results will confirm ovulation and the proper preparation of the endometrium by estrogen and progesterone stimulation.

Endometrioma -- A solitary, non-neoplastic mass containing endometrial tissue and blood.

Endometriosis -- Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. The tissue may attach itself to the reproductive organs or to other organs in the abdominal cavity. Each month the endometrial tissue inbreeds with the onset of menses. The resultant irritation causes adhesions in the abdominal cavity and in the fallopian tubes. Endometriosis may also interfere with ovulation and with the implantation of the embryo.

Endometritis -- An inflammation of the endometrium.

Endometrium -- The inner lining of the uterus which grows and sheds in response to estrogen and progesterone stimulation; the bed of tissue designed to nourish the implanted embryo.

Endorphins -- Natural narcotics manufactured in the brain to reduce sensitivity to pain and stress. May contribute to stress-related fertility problems.

Epididymis -- A coiled, tubular organ attached to and lying on the testicle. Within this organ the developing sperm complete their maturation and develop their powerful swimming capabilities. The matured sperm leave the epididymis through the vas deferens.

Epididymitis -- An inflamation of the epididymis.

Estradiol (E2) -- The principal estrogen produced by the ovary. Responsible for formation of the female secondary sex characteristics such as large breasts; supports the growth of the follicle and the development of the uterine lining. At midcycle the peak estrogen level triggers the release of the LH spike from the pituitary gland. The LH spike is necessary for the release of the ovum from the follicle. Fat cells in both obese men and women can also manufacture estrogen from androgens and interfere with fertility. The blood test to monitor estradiol is E2 -- Rapid Assay. Women on injectable fertility drugs have routine E2 monitoring.

Estrogens -- The female sex hormones. First recognized around 1915, estrogen is responsible for the development of the secondary feminine sex characteristics, which include breasts, rounded hips, and pubic hair. Together with progesterone, another female hormone made by the ovaries, estrogen regulates the changes that occur with each monthly period and prepares the uterus for pregnancy. See Estradiol.

Estimated Due Date (EDD) -- An approximate date for when a baby is due to be born. It is generally calculated based on LMP, when LMP is two weeks before ovulation. To figure the due date, take your LMP and add 9 months plus one week. To figure EDD based on ovulation, add 9 months and subtract one week. When using ARTs, one would consider the day of insemination to be ovulation, and the day of egg retrieval to be ovulation.

ET -- See Embryo Transfer.

ETF -- See Embryo Toxic Factor.

ETA -- See Embryo Toxicity Assay.

Fallopian Tubes -- Ducts through which eggs travel to the uterus once released from the follicle. Sperm normally meet the egg in the fallopian tube, the site at which fertilization usually occurs. The fallopian tube is divided anatomically into a few regions: closest to the uterus and within the uterine wall is the "interstitium" (where interstitial pregnancies develop), next is the "isthmus" (immediately outside the uterine wall) then the "ampulla" (midsection of the tube) and then the "infundibular or fimbrial portion" (adjacent to the ovary at the end of the tube). These descriptions are helpful when reading Daiter's Dateline.

Falloscopy -- Falloposcopy is the visual examination of the inside of the fallopian tube. A tiny flexible catheter is inserted through the cervical canal and uterine cavity into the fallopian tube. A small flexible fiber optic endoscope is threaded through the catheter into the fallopian tube. A camera at the end of the falloscope transfers images of the inside of the tube to a monitor so the surgeon can thoroughly visualize and examine the inside of the tube. If problems are found, surgical repairs can be made at the same time. See Falloscopy FAQ.

FASIAR -- See Follicle Aspiration, Sperm Injection and Assisted Rupture.

Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) -- Blood glucose levels taken after not eating or drinking anything other than water overnight. A normal level is under 110, over 110 shows impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance, and over 126 is diabetic. Its ratio in comparison to fasting insulin can also indicate insulin resistance.

Fasting Blood Insulin -- Insulin levels taken after not eating or drinking anything other than water overnight. Insulin is a hormone released to break down sugar. Its ratio in comparison to fasting blood glucose can indicate insulin resistance.

Fecundability -- The ability to become pregnant.

Female Kallman's Syndrome -- A condition characterized by infantile sexual development and an inability to smell. Since the pituitary cannot produce LH and FSH, the woman must take hormone supplements to achieve puberty, to maintain secondary sex characteristics, and to achieve fertility.

Ferning -- A pattern characteristic of dried cervical mucus viewed on a slide. When the fern leaf pattern appears, the mucus has been thinned and prepared by estrogen for the passage of sperm. If it does not fern, the mucus will be hostile to the passage of the sperm.

Fertility Microscope -- A small microscope women can purchase to view saliva or cervical mucus as a low-tech way of predicting ovulation.

Fertile Mucus -- Mucus that allows sperm to thrive and makes its way into the cervical canal into the uterus and tubes. It resembles raw egg whites and is both stretchy and watery. Non-fertile mucus blocks sperm from entering the cervix.

Fertility Treatment -- Any method or procedure used to enhance fertility or increase the likelihood of pregnancy, such as ovulation induction treatment, varicocoele repair, and microsurgery to repair damaged fallopian tubes. The goal of fertility treatment is to help couples have a child.

Fertility Specialist -- A physician specializing in the practice of fertility. The American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology certifies a subspecialty for OB-GYNs who receive extra training in endocrinology (the study of hormones) and infertility. Those who acquire certification are Reproductive Endocrinologists (REs).

Fertilization -- The combining of the genetic material carried by sperm and egg to create an embryo. Normally occurs inside the fallopian tube (in vivo) but may also occur in a petri dish (in vitro). See also In Vitro Fertilization.

Fertinex -- FSH injectable fertility medication.

FET -- See Frozen Embryo Transfer.

Fetus -- A term used to refer to a baby during the period of gestation between eight weeks and term.

Fibroid (Myoma or Leiomyoma) -- A benign tumor of the uterine muscle and connective tissue.

Fimbria -- Finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tube nearest the ovary. When stimulated by the follicular fluid released during ovulation, the fingerlike ends grasp the ovary and coax the egg into the tube.

Fimbrioplasty -- Plastic or reconstructive surgery to repair the fimbria that may be damaged or causing a blockage within the fallopian tubes.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) -- A pituitary hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis and follicular development. In the man FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testicles and supports sperm production. In the woman FSH stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicle. Elevated FSH levels are indicative of gonadal failure in both men and woman.

Follicle -- A Fluid-filled sac in the ovary which contains an egg that is released at ovulation. Each month an egg develops inside the ovary in a fluid filled pocket called a follicle. This follicle grows to about one inch in size when it is ready to ovulate.

Follicle Aspiration, Sperm Injection and Assisted Rupture (FASIAR) -- A procedure involving the use of ultrasound for guidance to remove eggs from their follicles. Sperm and eggs are mixed inside the syringe and then injected back into the patient. If the woman develops too many eggs, the physician can remove some and reduce the risk of multiple pregnancy.

Follicular Fluid -- The fluid inside the follicle that cushions and nourishes the ovum. When released during ovulation, the fluid stimulates the fimbria to grasp the ovary and coax the egg into the fallopian tube.

Follicular Phase -- The pre-ovulatory portion of a woman's cycle during which a follicle grows and high levels of estrogen cause the lining of the uterus to proliferate. Normally takes between 12 and 14 days.

Follistim -- Recombinant FSH injectable fertility medication used for superovulation.

Frozen Embryo Transfer (FET) -- A procedure where frozen embryos are thawed and then placed into the uterus.

Galactorrhea -- A clear or milky discharge from the breasts associated with elevated prolactin.

Gamete -- A reproductive cell: Sperm in men, the egg in women.

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) -- A technique that may be used in lieu of in vitro fertilization for women with patent (clear and open) tubes. After egg retrieval the eggs are mixed with the husband's sperm and then immediately injected through the fimbria into the woman's fallopian tubes for in vivo fertilization. Procedure is done through laparoscopy.

Gardnerella -- A bacteria which may cause vaginal infection.

GD, GDM -- See Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

Genetic Counseling -- The advice offered by experts in genetics on the detection, consequences, and risk of recurrence of chromosomal and genetic disorders.

Germ Cell -- In the male the testicular cell that divides to produce the immature sperm cells; in the woman the ovarian cell that divides to form the egg (ovum). The male germ cell remains intact throughout the man's reproductive life; the woman uses up her germ cells at the rate of about one thousand per menstrual cycle, although usually only one egg matures each cycle.

Germ Cell Aplasia (Sertoli Cell Only) -- An inherited condition in which the testicles have no germ cells. Since men with this condition have normal Leydig cells, they will develop secondary sex characteristics. May also be caused by large and/or prolonged exposure to toxins or radiation.

Gestation -- The period of fetal development in the womb from implantation to birth.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GD, GDM) -- A temporary impairment of the ability to process sugar during pregnancy.

Gestational Host -- A woman who contracts to carry a pregnancy for someone else. The host is not the biological mother of the baby being carried.

Gestation Sac -- The fluid-filled sac in which the fetus grows and develops.

Gland -- An organ that produces or secretes essential body fluids or substances, such as hormones.

Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) -- A screening test for insulin resistance, diabetes, and gestational diabetes. Usually blood is drawn at fasting, and then the patient drinks or eats a certain amount of glucose. Blood is drawn at one hour, two hours and three hours to check glucose levels. Some may have an additional blood draw at a half hour.

Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) -- A blood test that gives information about average blood sugar levels over the past two or three months. Also called glycohemoglobin or hemoglobin A1c.

GnRH -- See Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone.

Gonads -- The glands that makes reproductive cells and "sex" hormones: the testicles, which make sperm and testosterone, and the ovaries, which make eggs (ova) and estrogen.

Gonorrhea -- A sexually transmitted disease that may lead to infertility. Caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonococcus.

Gonadotropins -- Hormones which control reproductive function: Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Leutenizing Hormone.

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) -- The hormone which controls the production and release of gonadotropins. Secreted by the hypothalamus every ninety minutes or so, this hormone enables the pituitary to secrete LH and FSH, which stimulate the gonads. See FSH, LH.

Gonal-F -- Recombinant FSH injectable fertility medication used for superovulation.

Granuloma -- A ball of inflamed tissue, commonly formed after vasectomy due to sperm leaking into the vas deferens.

GTT -- See Glucose Tolerance Test.

Gynecologist -- A doctor who specializes in the diseases and the routine physical care of the reproductive system of women.

Habitual Abortion -- Repeat miscarriages.

Hamster Test -- A test of the ability of sperm to penetrate a hamster egg which has been stripped of the Zona Pellucida (outer membrane). Also called Sperm Penetration Assay (SPA).

HbA1c -- See Glycosylated Hemoglobin. (also called Glycohemoglobin)

hCG/HCG -- See Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.

Hemorrhage -- Profuse, life-threatening bleeding.

Heparin -- A blood thinner given as an injection to prevent blood clots from forming.

Heparin Therapy -- The use of Heparin to thin blood in women with recurrent pregnancy loss or presence of an autoimmune problem, such as antiphospholipid antibodies.

Hermatospermia -- Condition in which blood appears in the semen and may usually be seen by the naked eye.

Hirsutism -- The overabundance of body hair, such as a mustache or pubic hair growing upward toward the navel, found in women with excess androgens.

hMG, HMG -- See Human Menopausal Gonadotropin.

Home Pregnancy Test (HPT) -- A test a woman can use at home to test urine for the presence of hCG.

Hormone -- A substance produced by an endocrine gland that trabelss through the bloodstream to a specific organ.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) -- Refers to estrogen and progesterone replacement in menopausal women.

Host Uterus -- Also called a "surrogate gestational mother." A couple's embryo is transferred to another woman who carries the pregnancy to term and returns the baby to the genetic parents immediately after birth.

Hostile Mucus -- Cervical mucus that impedes the natural progress of sperm through the cervical canal.

HPT -- See Home Pregnancy Test.

HRT -- See Hormone Replacement Therapy.

HSC -- See Hysteroscopy.

HSG -- See Hysterosalpingogram

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) -- The hormone produced in early pregnancy which keeps the corpus luteum producing progesterone. Also used via injection (Profasi) to trigger ovulation after some fertility treatments, and used in men to stimulate testosterone production.

Human Menopausal Gonadotripin (hMG -Pergonal, Humegon, Repronex) -- A combination of hormones FSH and LH, which is extracted from the urine of post-menopausal women. Used to induce ovulation in several fertility treatments.

Humegon (hMG) -- Similar to Pergonal: the lutenizing and follicle-stimulating hormones recovered from the urine of post-menopausal women. Used to stimulate multiple ovulation in some fertility treatments.

Hydatidiform Mole -- See Molar Pregnancy.

Hyperandrogenism -- The excessive production of androgens in women. Often associated with PCO.

Hyperglycemia -- High blood sugar.

Hyperinsulinemia -- The overproduction of insulin such as that found in insulin resistance.

Hyperplasia -- A thickening of the endometrium. It can lead to abnormal, pre-cancerous cells.

Hyperprolactinemia -- A condition in which the pituitary gland secretes too much prolactin. Prolactin can suppress LH and FSH production, reduce male sex drive, and directly suppress ovarian function.

Hyperstimulation (Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome - OHSS) -- A potentially life-threatening side effect of ovulation induction with injectable fertility medications such as hMG and urofollitropins. A woman's ovaries become enlarged and produce an overabundance of eggs. Blood hormone levels rise, fluid may collect in the lungs or abdominal cavity, and ovarian cyst may rupture, causing internal bleeding. Bloodclots sometimes develop. Symptoms include sudden weight gain and abdominal pain. Cycles stimulated with these drugs must be carefully monitored with ultrasound scans. OHSS may be prevented by withholding the hCG injection when ultrasound monitoring indicates that too many follicles have matured.

Hyperthyroidism -- Overproduction of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. The resulting increased metabolism "burns up" estrogen too rapidly and interferes with ovulation.

Hypoestrogenic -- Having lower than normal levels of estrogen.

Hypoglycemia -- Low blood sugar.

Hypogonadotropic Hypopituitarism -- A spectrum of diseases resulting in low pituitary gland output of LH and FSH. Men with this disorder have low sperm counts and may lose their virility; women do not ovulate and may lose their secondary sex characteristics.

Hypoplastic Uterus -- An underdeveloped uterus.

Hypospermatogenesis -- Low sperm production.

Hypothalamus -- A part of the brain, the hormonal regulation center, located adjacent to and above the pituitary gland. In both the man and the woman this tissue secretes GnRH every ninety minutes or so. The pulsatile GnRH enables the pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH, which stimulate the gonads. See also FSH; LH; Ovary; Pituitary Gland; Testicle.

Hypothyroidism -- A condition in which the thyroid gland produces an insufficient amount of thyroid hormone. The resulting lowered metabolism interferes with the normal breakdown of "old" hormones and causes lethargy. Men will suffer from a lower sex drive and elevated prolactin (see Hyperprolactinemia), and women will suffer from elevated prolactin and estrogen, both of which will interfere with fertility.

Hysterosalpinogram (HSG) -- An x-ray of the pelvic organs in which a radio-opaque dye is injected through the cervix into the uterus and fallopian tubes. This test checks for malformations of the uterus and blockage of the fallopian tubes.

Hysterectomy -- Surgical removal of the uterus and sometimes also the cervix.

Hysteroscopy (HSC) -- A procedure in which the doctor checks for uterine abnormalities by inserting a fiber-optic device. Minor surgical repairs can be executed during the procedure.

IBT -- See Immunobead Binding Test.

ICI -- See Intracervical Insemination.

ICSI -- See Intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection.

Idiopathic (Unexplained) Infertility -- When no cause for infertility can be found after substantial testing.

IF -- See Infertility.

Immature Oocyte Retrieval (IOR) -- A procedure in which immature eggs are aspirated from the ovaries and treated in the laboratory with fertility drugs to bring them too maturity. At maturity they are mixed with sperm and any resulting embryos are transferred into the uterus.

Immature Sperm (Germinal Cell) -- A sperm that has not matured and gained the ability to swim. In the presence of illness or infection such sperm may appear in the semen in large numbers.

Immune System -- The body's defense mechanism against any injury or invasion by a foreign substance or organism.

Immunobead Binding Test (IBT) -- Used to detect antisperm antibodies.

Immunoglobulins -- Antibodies.

Immunosupressive Drug -- A drug that interferes with the normal immune response.

Immunotherapy -- A medical treatment for an immune system disorder that involves transfusing donor white blood cells into a woman who has recurrent miscarriages.

Implantation (Embryo) -- The embedding of the embryo into tissue so it can establish contact with the mother's blood supply for nourishment. Implantation usually occurs in the lining of the uterus 5-10 days after ovulation; however, in an ectopic pregnancy it may occur elsewhere in the body.

Implantation Failure -- Inability of the fertilized egg to properly implant in the uterine lining.

Implantation Spotting -- Bleeding associated with an embryo implanting into the endometrium around 5-10 days after ovulation. It is not uncommon, but it is not the norm.

Impotence -- The inability of the man to achieve or maintain an erection and to ejaculate due to physical or emotional problems, or a combination thereof. This is not the same thing as being sterile.

Incompetent Cervix -- A weakened cervix which opens prematurely during pregnancy and can cause the loss of the fetus. A cervical cerclage is a procedure in which a stitch or two is put around the cervix to prevent its opening until removed when the pregnancy is at term.

Incomplete Abortion -- A miscarriage where some tissue has bassed but some remains in the uterus.

Infertility (IF) -- The inability to conceive after a year of unprotected intercourse in women under 35, or after six months in women over 35, or the inability to carry a pregnancy to term. Also included are diagnosed problems such as anovulation, tubal blockage, low sperm count, etc.

Inflammation -- Swelling, redness, heat and pain caused by injury such as infection.

Inhibin -- A male feedback hormone made in the testicles to regulate FSH production by the pituitary gland.

Inhibin-B -- Inhibin B is secreted by the granulosa cells while estradiol is secreted by several other cell types in the ovary. Women with low levels of the hormone were found to have more impaired ovulation in the course of the IVF cycle, lower pregnancy rates, higher cancellation rates and miscarriage rates. Often tested in conjunction with antiovarian antibodies to determine ovarian reserve.

Inhibin-F (Folliculostatin) -- A female feedback hormone made in the ovary to regulate FSH production by the pituitary gland.

Injectables/Injectable Fertility Medications -- Medications given by injection. On INCIID and other infertility forums, the word injectables is commonly used to refer to ovulation induction medications such as hMG (brands Pergonal, Humegon and Repronex), urofollitropins (brands Fertinex and Metrodin), and recombinant FSH follitropins alpha and beta (brands Follistim and Gonal-F).

Insulin -- The hormone used by the body to control blood sugar (glucose). Insulin resistance (over-production of insulin in relation to glucose) can lead to weight gain and ovulation difficulties.

Insulin Resistant (IR) -- Occurs when the body produces too much insulin in relation to glucose. One is considered insulin resistant with a fasting blood sugar of over 110, or a fasting glucose to insulin ratio of less than 4.5:1.

Intracervical Insemination (ICI) -- Artificial insemination where the sperm is deposited into the cervical canal. See Artificial Insemination.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) -- A micromanipulation procedure where a single sperm is injected into the egg to enable fertilization with very low sperm counts or with non-motile sperm.

Intramuscular (IM) -- An IM medication is given by needle into the muscle. This is as opposed to a medication that is given by a needle, for example, into the skin (intradermal) or just below the skin (subcutaneous) or into a vein (intravenous).

Intratubal Insemination (ITI) -- Artificial insemination where washed sperm is deposited into the fallopian tubes. See Artificial Insemination.

Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) -- A reduction in fetal growth for reasons such as infection, inadequate placenta, or exposure to teratogens.

Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) -- A relatively "low-tech" ART which deposits washed sperm directly into the uterus, bypassing cervical mucus and depositing the sperm more closely to the fallopian tubes, where fertilization occurs. Used to bypass hostile cervical mucus and to overcome sperm count and motility problems. See Artificial Insemination.

Intravaginal Culture (IVC) -- A procedure related to in vitro fertilization where eggs and sperm are combined in a capsule and then inserted into a woman's vagina to incubate for 48 hours. The goal being for fertilization to happen within the woman's body. After 24 hours, any embryos are transferred into the uterus.

Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg) -- Intravenous transfer of immunglobulin (antibodies), used for some immune problems.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) -- Literally means "in glass." Fertilization takes place outside the body in a small glass dish.

IOR -- See Immature Oocyte Retrieval.

IR -- See Insulin Resistant.

ITI -- See Intratubal Insemination.

IUGR -- See Intra-uterine Growth Retardation.

IUI -- See Intra-uterine Insemination.

IVC -- See Intra-vaginal Culture.

IVF -- See In Vitro Fertilization.

IVIg -- See Intravenous Immunoglobulin.

Kallman's Syndrome -- A congenital hypothalamus dysfunction which has multiple symptoms including the failure to complete puberty.

Karyotype -- The chromosomal characteristics of a cell.

Karyotyping -- A chromosome analysis in which cells are studied to look for abnormalities. Testing a fetus may show if there is a chromosomal reason for the pregnancy loss, which causes about 50% of miscarriages. Testing the parents can help determine if there is an underlying chromosomal problem that increases the chances of repeated losses, which occurs in about 3% of couples with recurrent pregnancy loss.

Klinefelter's Syndrome -- A genetic abnormality characterized by having one Y (male) and two X (female) chromosomes or a mosaic (a combination of 46XY and 47XX). Klinefelters often causes a fertility problem, though some men will produce sperm. ART and donor insemination are possible. The condition can be passed on.

LAD -- See Leukocyte Antibody Detection Assay.

Laparoscope -- A small telescope that can be inserted into a hole in the abdominal wall for viewing the internal organs; the instrument used to perform a laparoscopy. Used to diagnose and treat a number of fertility problems including endometriosis, abdominal adhesions, and polycystic ovaries. Also used in egg retrieval for in vitro fertilization. Examination of the pelvic region by using a laparoscope is called a laparoscopy.

Laparoscopy (LAP) -- Examination of the pelvic organs through use of a small telescope called a laparascope.

Laparotomy -- Major abdominal surgery where reproductive organ abnormalities can be corrected and fertility restored, such as tubal repairs and the removal of adhesions.

Last Menstrual Period (LMP) -- The calendar date for the first day of full menstrual flow (cycle day 1).

Leukocyte Antibody Detection Assay (LAD) -- Test indicates a woman's physiologic response to pregnancy. Women who test for high levels of leukocyte antibodies have a history of carrying pregnancies longer than women who exhibit low levels. Women who have low levels of leukocyte antibodies generally had pregnancies that ended by week 12, or their immune systems did not respond to the stimulus of pregnancy by creating blocking antibodies. Only women with low levels of LAD are candidates for immunization with their husbands' white blood cells (leukocytes), so it is recommended that this assay be done prior to initiating an immunization protocol.

Leukocyte Immunization Therapy (LIT) -- Injecting a woman with her husband's or a donor's white blood cells to increase her fetal blocking antibodies and lower her NK cells.

Leydig Cell -- The testicular cell that produces the male hormone testosterone. The Leydig cell is stimulated by LH from the pituitary gland.

LIT -- See Leukocyte Immunization Therapy.

LMP -- See Last Menstrual Period.

Low Responder -- A woman who does not produce many follicle with injectable fertility medications.

Lupron -- An injectable medication used to down-regulate the pituitary gland and prevent the release of substances such as Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH). Without LH or FSH, the ovary will not produce follicles that will in turn decrease the production of Estrogen and Progesterone.

Lupus -- See Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Lupus Anticoagulant -- An antibody causing elevation in partial thromboplastin time (the time needed for plasma to form a clot after the addition of calcium and a phospholipid reagent; used to evaluate the clotting system), associated with venous and arterial thrombosis (clotting within an artery or vein).

Luteal Phase -- Post-ovulatory phase of a woman's cycle. The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which cause the uterine lining to thicken to support the implantation and growth of the embryo.

Luteal Phase Defect (or Deficiency) (LPD) -- A condition that occurs when the uterine lining does not develop adequately because of inadequate progesterone stimulation; or because of the inability of the uterine lining to respond to progesterone stimulation. LPD may prevent embryonic implantation or cause an early miscarriage.

Luteinized Unruptured Follicle (LUF) Syndrome -- A condition in which the follicle develops and changes into the corpus luteum without releasing the egg. This sometimes goes hand-in-hand with PCO. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as Advil, Motrin, and Aleve, near ovulation may also contribute to LUFS.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) -- A pituitary hormone that stimulates the gonads. In the man LH is necessary for spermatogenesis (Sertoli cell function) and for the production of testosterone (Leydig cell function). In the woman LH is necessary for the production of estrogen. When estrogen reaches a critical peak, the pituitary releases a surge of LH (the LH spike), which releases the egg from the follicle.

Luteinizing Hormone Surge (LH Surge) -- The spiking release of luteinizing hormone (LH) that causes release of a mature egg from the follicle. Ovulation test kits detect the sudden increase of LH, signaling that ovulation is about to occur (usually within 24-36 hours).

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- A procedure using a magnet linked to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body.

Maturation Arrest -- A testicular condition in which at one stage of sperm production all sperm development halts throughout all testicular tubules. May result in oligospermia or azoospermia.

Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine (MMR) -- A vaccine recommended for women who have a low antibody titre to Rubella since Rubella (German Measles) can be very damaging to a fetus.

Meiosis -- The cell division, peculiar to reproductive cells, which allows genetic material to divide in half. Each new cell will contain twenty-three chromosomes. The spermatids (immature sperm) and ova (eggs) each contain twenty-three chromosomes, so when they combine (fertilize), the baby will have a normal complement of forty-six.

Menarche -- The time when a woman first menstruates.

Menopause -- The time a woman stops menstruating.

Menorrhagia -- Heavy or prolonged menstrual flow.

MESA -- See Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration.

Methotrexate -- A toxic anticancer drug that is an analogue of folic acid and an antimetabolite. Used as an antineoplastic agent (to attack abnormal tissue growth). Sometimes used to treat ectopic and molar pregnancies.

Metrodin (Pure FSH) -- An injectable form of Follicle Stimulating Hormone used to stimulate ovulation.

Metrorrhagia -- Menstrual spotting during the middle of the cycle.

Micro Injection Fallopian Transfer (MIFT) -- A technique similar to GIFT and FASIAR that may be used in lieu of in vitro fertilization for women with patent (clear and open) tubes. After egg retrieval the eggs are mixed with sperm and then immediately injected through into the woman's fallopian tubes for in vivo fertilization. Rather than using laparoscopy, this method uses need aspiration of follicles and injection into the fallopian tubes.

Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA) -- Using microsurgery to remove sperm from the epididymis for use in in vitro fertilization, often with ICSI.

Miscarriage (MC, m/c) -- Spontaneous loss of an embryo or fetus from the womb. See Abortion.

Missed Abortion/Missed Miscarriage -- The fetus dies in the uterus but there is no bleeding or cramping. A D&C will be needed to remove the fetal remains and prevent complications. See Abortion.

Mitosis -- The division of a cell into two identical cells in which all forty-six human chromosomes are duplicated; the first division of the germ cell.

Mittleschmerz -- The discomfort felt on one or both sides of the lower abdomen at the time of ovulation.

MMR -- See Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine.

Molar Pregnancy (Trophoblastic Disease) -- the fertilization of an egg without a nucleus. A baby (usually anomalous) may or may not be present, and the placenta develops into a nonmalignant tumor called a hydatidiform mole. The layer of cells that line the gestational sac and normally give rise to the chorionic villi convert into a mass of clear, tapioca-like vesicles instead of into a healthy placenta. The fertilized egg then deteriorates. Probably caused by a chromosomal abnormality in the fertilized egg. A continuous or intermittent brownish discharge is the prime symptom. Treated by a D&C and sometimes methotrexate.

Morphology -- The shape of sperm as studied in a semen analysis.

Mosaicism -- Having more than one blood line. For example, instead of having all 46XX cells, a mosaic may have a combination of 46XX and 45X cells. See Klinefelter's and Turner's Syndrome.

Mycoplasma -- See Ureaplasma.

Motility -- The measurement of motion and forward progression of sperm in a semen analysis.

MRI -- See Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Mucus -- Secretions from a gland that can be water, gel-like, stretchy, sticky or dry. Fertile mucus resembles raw egg whites (watery and stretchy).

Mutagen -- Substance that alters the genetic structure of the sperm or egg before conception.

Mycoplasma -- An infectious agent that falls structurally between a virus and a bacterium. Thought to be related to pregnancy loss and perhaps infertility as well. See Ureaplasma.

Myoma -- A benign tumor made up of muscular elements. Also called a uterine fibroid.

Myomectomy -- Surgical removal of a uterine fibroid.

Natural Killer Cells (NK, CD56+) -- When activated, NK cells function to fight, kill and destroy their targets and their excessive numbers in blood is correlated with pregnancy loss and reduced success in IVF cycle outcome.

Necrospermia -- Condition in which sperm are produced but are found dead in the semen and are unable to fertilize eggs.

NEST -- See Nonsurgical Embryonic Selective Thinning.

Non-obstructive Azoospermia -- Severely impaired or non-existent sperm production. Some sperm may be found and extracted directly from the testicles. See Azoospermia.

Non-stimulated Oocyte Retrieval In (office) Fertilization (NORIF) -- No ovulation induction hormones are used for this process (unlike SCORIF). The egg is removed by ultrasound aspiration from the ovaries. This procedure is done in the doctor's office. The egg is mixed with sperm and placed in a small plastic dish and left in the incubator for 2 days. The fertilized egg is then transferred to the uterus through a small plastic catheter.

Nonsurgical Embryonic Selective Thinning (NEST) -- A form of assisted hatching using a chemical to thin the outer membrane of the zona pellucida rather than scraping.

Non-surgical Sperm Aspiration (NSA) -- The procedure is performed under sedation. A tiny needle is used to extract sperm directly from the testis in those who have blocked ducts or cannot ejaculated. Used in conjunction with in vitro fertilization and ICSI.

NORIF -- See Non-stimulated Oocyte Retrieval In (office) Fertilization.

NSA -- see Nonsurgical Sperm Aspiration.

OBGYN Terminology -- These translations will be helpful when reading initial descriptions on Daiter's Dateline. OB GYN terminology includes the initial sentence of virtually all GYN descriptions which is (eg.) "34 y/o G2 P1 with LMP 4/3/99" to be read as thirty four year old gravida 2 (number of pregnancies, including a current pregnancy if applicable, so that G2 is a woman who has been pregnant 2 times) para (parity is condition of having given birth so P1 indicates that the woman has given birth 1 time). LMP: last menstrual period (counting from the first day of significant flow or bleeding). Additional letters next to P may include S1 (spontaneous abortion or miscarriage x 1), T1 (elective termination of pregnancy x 1) E1 (ectopic pregnancy x 1).

Obstetrician-Gynecologist (OB-GYN) -- A doctor who specializes in the diseases and the routine physical care of the reproductive system of women, including treating women through pregnancy and childbirth.

Obstructive Azoospermia -- The result of obstruction in either the upper or lower male reproductive tract (epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles or ejaculatory ducts). Sperm production may be normal (which may be verified through testicular biopsy), but the obstruction is preventing the sperm from being ejaculated. Some causes of obstructive azoospermia are vasectomy, congenital absence of vas deferens, scarring from past infections, and hernia operations. See Azoospermia.

OHSS -- See Hyperstimulation.

Oligmenorrhea -- Infrequent menstrual periods.

Oligo-ovulation -- Infrequent ovulation, usually less than six per year.

Oligospermia -- Having few sperm.

OPK/OPT -- See Ovulation Predictor Kit/Test.

Oocyte (Egg) -- The female reproductive cell.

Oophorectomy -- Surgical removal of the ovaries.

Ovarian Failure -- The failure of the ovary to respond to FSH stimulation from the pituitary because of damage to or malformation of the ovary. Diagnosed by elevated FSH in the blood.

Ovarian Cyst -- A fluid-filled sac inside the ovary. An ovarian cyst may be found in conjunction with ovulation disorders, tumors of the ovary, and endometriosis. See also Chocolate Cyst.

Ovarian Drilling -- During a laparoscopy, an electrosurgery needle is used to burn 10-12 small holes into each ovary. This procedure may help reduce androgen levels and restore cycles in women with polycystic ovaries.

Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) -- See Hyperstimulation.

Ovarian Wedge Resection -- Surgical removal of a pie-shaped wedge of a polycystic ovary in order to help ovulation.

Ovary -- The female gonad; produces eggs and female hormones.

Ovulation -- The release of the egg (ovum) from the ovarian follicle.

Ovulation Induction -- Medical treatment performed to initiate ovulation. See also Clomiphene Citrate, Humegon, Pergonal, Repronex, Follistim, Gonal-F, Fertinex and Metrodin.

Ovulation Predictor Kit/Test (OPK/OPT) -- A test kit a woman can use at home to predict forthcoming ovulation based on a surge of luteinizing hormone.

Ovulatory Dysfunction -- A problem existing in the ovary where either something is abnormal in the process of developing the follicle or the egg is not released from the follicle.

Ovulatory Failure (Anovulation) -- The failure to ovulate.

Ovum -- The egg; the reproductive cell from the ovary; the female gamete; the sex cell that contains the woman's genetic information.

P4 -- See Progesterone.

Panbypopituitarism -- Complete pituitary gland failure.

Pap Smear -- Removal of cells from the surface of the cervix to study microscopically.

Papilla -- a small nipple-shaped projection, elevation or structure.

Parlodel -- See Bromocriptine.

Partial Zona Dissection (PZD) -- A predecessor to ICSI in which the zona pellucida, or shell, surrounding a woman's egg is opened, using either chemical dissolution or a sharp instrument to file through the shell, in order to allow easier access for sperm. Can result in too many sperm entering the egg.

Patent -- The condition of being open, as with tubes that form part of the reproductive organs. An HSG, for example, is done to see if the fallopian tubes are patent.

Paternal Leukocyte Immunization (PLI) -- Injecting a woman with her husband's (or male partner's) white blood cells to increase her fetal blocking antibodies and lower her NK cells.

PCO, PCOD, PCOS -- See Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.

PCT -- See Post Coital Test.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) -- An infection of the pelvic organs that causes severe illness, high fever, and extreme pain. PID may lead to tubal blockage and pelvic adhesions.

Penis -- The male organ of sexual intercourse.

Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA) -- A small needle is passed directly into the head of the epididymis and fluid is aspirated. Any sperm found are used in conjunction with in vitro fertilization with ICSI.

Perinatologist -- A doctor specializing in treating the fetus/baby and mother during pregnancy, labor, and delivery, particularly when the mother and/or baby are at a high risk for complications.

Pergonal (hMG) -- A medication used to replace the pituitary hormones LH and FSH. Similar to Humegon and Repronex. May be used to induce ovulation in women who do not respond to clomiphene citrate. Most frequently used with women who do not normally produce estrogen because of a pituitary gland or hypothalamic malfunction. May also be used with men to stimulate sperm production.

PESA -- See Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration.

PI -- See Primary Infertility.

PID -- See Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.

Pituitary Gland -- The master gland; the gland that is stimulated by the hypothalamus and controls all hormonal functions. Located at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus, this gland controls many major hormonal factories throughout the body including the gonads, the adrenal glands, and the thyroid gland.

Placenta -- The embryonic tissue that implants in uterine wall and provides a mechanism for exchanging the baby's carbon dioxide and waste products for the mother's nutrients and oxygen. The baby is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord.

PLI -- See Paternal Leukocyte Immunization.

PMS -- See Pre-menstrual Syndrome.

POC -- See Products of Conception.

POF -- See Premature Ovarian Failure.

Polar Body -- The discarded genetic material resulting from female germ cell division. See Meiosis.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCO, PCOD, PCOD, or "Stein-Leventhal Syndrome") -- A condition found in women who don't ovulate, characterized by excessive production of androgens (male sex hormones) and the presence of cysts in the ovaries. Though PCO can be without symptoms, some include excessive weight gain, acne and excessive hair growth.

Polyp -- A growth or tumor, usually benign, on an internal surface such as the uterine wall.

Polyspermy -- More than one sperm entering and fertilizing an egg.

Post Coital Test (PCT) -- A microscopic examination of the cervical mucus performed several hours after intercourse to determine compatibility between the woman's mucus and the man's semen; a test used to detect sperm-mucus interaction problems, the presence of sperm antibodies, and the quality of the cervical mucus.

Posttesticular System -- The ducts that store and deliver the sperm to the opening of the penis; also includes the glands that produce seminal fluids.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) -- A psychological disorder that develops in some individuals after a major traumatic experience such as war, rape, domestic violence, or accident. There are some articles written about PTSD as a complication of infertility or as a result of pregnancy loss. Some symptoms include avoidance, guilt, depression, flashbacks, nightmares, and excessive irritability.

Preclinical Pregnancy -- An early loss that ends before the next period is due. There are usually no pregnancy symptoms, but a blood test can reveal small amounts of the pregnancy hormone HCG. Also called Chemical Pregnancy.

Pre-embryo -- A fertilized egg before cell division begins.

Pregnyl -- Injectable hCG.

Premature Ovarian Failure (POF) -- The cessation of menses associated with high levels of gonadotropins and low levels of estrogen before age 40. The ovary may intermittantly produce mature follicles.

Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) -- Spontaneous rupture of fetal membranes at least one hour before the onset of labor. Characterized by a trickle or gush of fluid from the vagina.

Pre-menstrual Syndrome (PMS) -- Emotional and physical disturbances that occur after ovulation and usually end with menstruation.

Pretesticular System -- The male hormonal system responsible for stimulating sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

Primary Infertility (PI) -- Refers to those struggling with infertility without ever having conceived. Popular usage has been extended to include those who have conceived but not had a live birth.

Products of Conception (POC) -- Tissues resulting from a pregnancy, such as the embryo/fetus and placenta. The term is often found on pathology reports where miscarriages are analyzed.

Profasi -- Injectable hCG.

Progesterone (P4) -- The hormone produced by the corpus luteum during the second half of a woman's cycle. It thickens the lining of the uterus to prepare it to accept implantation of a fertilized egg. It is released in pulses, so the amount in the bloodstream is not constant.

Progesterone Withdrawal -- A diagnostic procedure used to analyze menstrual irregularity and amenorrhea; uterine "bleeding" that occurs within two weeks after taking progesterone; a procedure used to demonstrate the presence or absence of estrogen and to demonstrate the ability of the uterus and reproductive tract to "bleed." Prior to ovulation induction therapy, progesterone withdrawal may be used to induce a menstrual period.

Progestin -- A synthetic progesterone (Provera).

Prolactin -- The hormone that stimulates the production of milk in breastfeeding women. Excessive prolactin levels when not breastfeeding may result in infertility.

PROM -- See Premature Rupture of Membranes.

Prostaglandins -- Hormone-like substances found in men and women. It is hypothesized that prostaglandins secreted by active, young endometrial implants may interfere with the reproductive organs by causing muscular contractions or spasms. Also, prostaglandins not "washed" from sperm can cause severe cramping during IUI procedures.

Prostate Gland -- A gland encircling the male urethra that produces a third of the fluid in semen, including a chemical that liquefies the coagulated semen twenty minutes to one hour after entering the vagina.

Provera -- See Progestin.

PTSD -- See Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Pyospermia -- The presence of white cells in the semen indicates possible infection and/or inflammation.

PZD -- See Partial Zona Dissection.

Qualitative hCG Test -- A pregnancy test that gives a yes or no answer. Home pregnancy tests are qualitative.

Quantitative hCG Test -- A pregnancy test in which the units of hCG are measured.

RE -- See Reproductive Endocrinologist.

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) -- Oxygen free radicals. High levels of ROS generation are linked a reduced ability of sperm to bind to the zona pellucida. Vitamin E may significantly improve this aspect of sperm function.

Recombinant (Human) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (R-FSH, R-hFSH) -- Genetically engineered follicle stimulating hormone as opposed to FSH extracted from the urine of post menopausal women. It is synthesized in vitro by cells into which genes encoding for FSH subunits have been inserted. Brand names are Gonal-F and Follistim.

Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL), Recurrent Miscarriage, Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion (RSA) -- Repeated miscarriages. Testing can be done to try to determine the cause of such losses. If an underlying condition is found, the woman may need to be treated for the problem before a pregnancy can be carried to term.

Reproductive Endocrinologist (RE) -- Obstetrician-Gynecologists with advanced education (usually a two year fellowship), and research in Reproductive Endocrinology. These highly trained and qualified physicians treat Reproductive Disorders that affect children, women, men, and the mature woman.
Some physicians describing themselves as Reproductive Endocrinologists have not completed certification with the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology in the Sub-Specialty of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility

Reproductive Immunologist (RI) -- A medical specialty combining obstetrics and gynecology with immunology to treat reproductive disorders that are related to immune problems.

Reproductive Immunophynotype (RIP) -- A test which looks for cells that have the CD56+ marker in order to determine the portion of natural killer cells. An NK (CD56+) cell range above 12 percent is abnormal.

Reproductive Surgeon -- An ob-gyn or urologist who specializes in the surgical correction of anatomical disorders that affect reproductive function.

Repronex (hMG) -- A medication used to replace the pituitary hormones LH and FSH. Similar to Humegon and Pergonal. May be used to induce ovulation in women who do not respond to clomiphene citrate. Most frequently used with women who do not normally produce estrogen because of a pituitary gland or hypothalamic malfunction. May also be used with men to stimulate sperm production.

R-FSH, R-hFSH -- See Recombinant (Human) Follicle Stimulating Hormone.

Resectoscopic Metroplasty -- A surgical procedure in which a resectescope (narrow scope with a wire attachment that uses high- frequency electrical current to cut or coagulate tissue) is inserted through the cervix and used to reshape the uterus, such as removing a uterine septum.

Resectoscope -- A tubular instrument with narrow scope and a wire loop (or other shape device) that uses high-frequency electrical current to cut or coagulate tissue within a body cavity. It can be inserted through the cervix (requiring a bit more dilation than a hysteroscope) in order to remove fibroids, polyps and septums. It can also be inserted through the urethra to operate on the prostate.

Metroplasty -- A surgical reshaping of the uterus and uterine cavity. A septum or cavity unification may be done with operative hysteroscopy. Removal of the septum may be followed by placement of a distending balloon in the uterus in an attempt to prevent or minimize intrauterine adhesions. More severe cases, such as unifying a bicornate uterus, may require laparotomy.

Resistant Ovary -- An ovary that cannot respond to the follicle-stimulating message sent by FSH. Primitive germ cells will be present in the ovary; however, they will not respond to FSH stimulation.

Retrograde Ejaculation -- A male fertility problem that allows the sperm to travel into the bladder instead of out the opening of the penis due to a failure in the sphincter muscle at the base of the bladder.

Retroverted Uterus -- Uterus that is tilted back toward the rectum.

Reversal -- Term used in infertility for undoing a sterilization procedure such as a tubal ligation or vasectomy.

Rh Factor -- Any of one or more genetically determined antigens present in the red blood cells of most persons and capable of inducing intense immunologic reactions. Some women develop a sensitization to Rh during pregnancy. If a woman is Rh negative and her husband is Rh positive, she is a candidate for Rh incompatibility problems. After the first pregnancy, the Rh factor enters the Rh-negative mother's circulatory system during the delivery (or miscarriage) of a child who has inherited the Rh factor from his father. The mother's body then produces antibodies against it. If she becomes pregnant with another Rh-positive baby, the antibodies cross the placenta and attack the baby's red blood cells, causing mild to serious anemia in the baby. The medication Rhogam (called "Anti-D" in Britain and New Zealand) is given to prevent these problems.

Rhogam (Anti-D) -- An immunization given to Rh-negative women after a miscarriage, stillbirth, or live birth to prevent production of antibodies in any Rh-positive babies they may have in future pregnancies.

RIP -- See Reproductive Immunophynotype.

ROS -- See Reactive Oxygen Species.

RPL -- See Recurrent Pregnancy Loss.

RSA -- See Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion.

Salpingectomy -- Surgical removal of the fallopian tube.

Salpingitis -- An inflammation of one or both fallopian tubes.

Salpingitis Isthmica Nodosa -- An abnormal condition of the fallopian tube where it attaches to the uterus, characterized by nodules.

Salpingolysis -- Surgery performed to remove adhesions that restrict the movement and function of reproductive organs.

Salpingo-oophorectomy -- Surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries.

Salpingostomy -- A surgical incision made in a fallopian tube, as in to repair a tube or to remove an ectopic pregnancy.

Salpingostomy/Fimbrioplasty -- Surgical repair made to the fallopian tubes; a procedure used to open the fimbria.

Scrotum -- The bag of skin and thin muscle (sac) surrounding the man's testicles, epididymis, and vas deferens.

Secondary Infertility (SI) -- The inability of a couple to achieve a second pregnancy. This strict medical definition includes couples for whom the pregnancy did not go to term. The common vernacular, however, refers to a couple which has one biological child (or more) but is unable to conceive another.

Secondary Sex Characteristics -- The physical qualities that distinguish man and woman, such as beard, large breasts, and deep voice. Formed under the stimulation of the sex hormones (testosterone or estrogen), these characteristics also identify those people who have gone through puberty (sexual maturity).

Semen (Seminal Fluid) -- The ejaculate fluid containing sperm and secretion from the testicles, prostate, and seminal vesicles.

Semen Viscosity -- The liquid flow or consistency of the semen.

Semen Analysis -- A laboratory test used to assess semen quality:sperm quantity, concentration, morphology (form), and motility. In addition, it measures semen (fluid) volume and whether or not white blood cells are present, indicating an infection.

Semen -- The fluid portion of the ejaculate consisting of secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and several other glands in the male reproductive tract. The semen provides nourishment and protection for the sperm and a medium in which the sperm can travel to the woman's vagina. Semen may also refer to the entire ejaculate, including the sperm.

Seminal Vesicles -- Pair of pouchlike glands at the base of the bladder that produce much of the semen volume, including fructose (sugar) for nourishing the sperm and a chemical that causes the semen to coagulate on entering the vagina.

Seminiferous Tubules -- The network of tubes in the testicles in which the sperm are formed, mature and move toward the epididymis.

Septate uterus -- A uterus divided into right and left halves by a wall of tissue (septum). Women with a septate uterus have an increased chance of early pregnancy loss.

Septum -- A dividing wall within a body cavity, such as a wall dividing the uterus in half.

Sertoli (Nurse) Cells -- Testicular cells responsible for providing nurishment to the spermatids (immature sperm). Secretes inhibin, a feedback hormone, which regulates FSH production by the pituitary gland. When stimulated by FSH, the Sertoli cell initiates spermatogenesis.

Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) -- An infectious disease transmitted during sex.

Sheehan's Syndrome -- A condition caused by profuse hemorrhage at the time of delivery. The severe blood loss shocks the pituitary gland, which dies and becomes nonfunctional.

Serophene -- Brand name for clomiphene citrate. (See Clomid.)

SHG -- See Sonohysterogram.

Short Luteal Phase -- See Luteal Phase Defect.

SI -- See Secondary Infertility.

SLE -- See Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Slow Responder -- A woman who takes longer than average (10 days) to produce mature follicles on injectable fertility medications.

Sonogram (Ultrasound) -- Use of high-frequency sound waves for creating an image of internal body parts. Used to detect and count follicle growth (and disappearance) in many fertility treatments. Also used to detect and monitor pregnancy.

Sonohystogram -- An ultrasound/sonogram in which saline is injected into the uterus. It is used to check for abnormalities. It has some similarity to a hysterosalpingogram in purpose, but does not require iodine dye injection or radiation. See Sonohysterography: A safer alternative to hysterography.

SPA -- See Sperm Penetration Assay.

Sperm -- The microscopic cell that carries the male's genetic information to the female's egg; the male reproductive cell; the male gamete.

Sperm Agglutination -- Sperm clumping caused by antibody reactions or by infection.

Spermatogenesis -- Sperm production in the seminiferous tubules.

Sperm Bank -- A place where sperm are kept frozen in liquid nitrogen for later use in artificial insemination.

Sperm Count -- The number of sperm in ejaculate. Also called sperm concentration or sperm density and given as the number of sperm per milliliter.

Sperm Maturation -- A process during which the sperm grow and gain their ability to swim. Sperm take about ninety days to reach maturity.

Sperm Morphology -- A semen analysis factor that indicates the number or percentage of sperm in the sample that appear to have been formed normally. Abnormal morphology includes sperm with kinked, doubled, or coiled tails. The higher the percentage of misshapen sperm, the less likely fertilization can take place.

Sperm Motility -- The ability of sperm to swim. Poor motility means the sperm have a difficult time swimming toward their goal---the egg.

Sperm Penetration -- The ability of the sperm to penetrate the egg so it can deposit the genetic material during fertilization.

Sperm Penetration Assay (SPA) -- A test of the ability of sperm to penetrate a hamster egg that has been stripped of the Zona Pellucida (outer membrane). Also called a Hamster Test.

Sperm Washing -- A laboratory technique for separating sperm from semen, and separating motile sperm from non-motile sperm, for use in assisted reproduction. The washing technique for near normal specimens is mixing the ejaculate after liquefaction with the appropriate washing medium followed by centrifugation. The supernatant is discarded and the sediment (sperm rich fraction) is re-suspended in more washing medium. This process is repeated 2-3 times maximum. In the final wash, the sediment is re-suspended in 0.5 cc of medium, loaded into a syringe and deposited in the uterus. "Sperm Rise" or "Swim-up" technique: Two to five cc of medium are carefully layered on top of 0.2-0.5 cc of semen. Motile sperm cells "swim-up" into the culture medium. After some time (30-90 minutes) the medium (containing motile sperm cells) is carefully harvested and centrifuged. If necessary, fresh medium is layered on top of the seminal fluid again to harvest more sperm cells. Discontinuous gradient centrifugation: This technique utilizes a dense liquid phase to separate sperm cells from seminal fluid and debris. Different compounds commercially available can be utilized. Semen is deposited on top of this fluid and subjected to centrifugation. Motile sperm cells migrate to the bottom of the tube, which are used for IUI after further washing.

Spinnbarkeit -- The stretchability of cervical mucus; the stringy quality that occurs at midcycle under the influence of estrogen. See also Postcoital Test.

Split Ejaculate -- A method used to concentrate the sperm for insemination; separating the semen into two portions: the first portion of the ejaculate, which is rich in sperm, and the second portion, which contains mostly seminal fluid.

Spontaneous Miscarriage/Spontaneous Abortion -- An unplanned end to a pregnancy during the first 20 weeks. See Abortion.

STD -- See Sexually Transmitted Disease.

Stein-Leventhal Disease -- Another name for Polycystic Ovaries.

Sterility -- An irreversible condition that prevents conception.

Stillbirth -- The death of a fetus between the twentieth week of gestation and birth.

Stimulated Cycle Oocyte Retrieval In (office) Fertilization (SCORIF) -- The woman's ovaries are stimulated with medications such as hMG or pure FSH. The eggs are removed by ultrasound aspiration from the ovaries. This procedure is done in the doctor's office. The eggs are mixed with sperm and placed in a small plastic dish and left in the incubator for 2 days. The fertilized eggs are then transferred to the uterus through a small plastic catheter.

Superovulation -- Using fertility medications to stimulate the growth of multiple follicles for ovulation. Also known as Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation (COH).

Subzonal Insertion (SUZI) -- A predecessor to ICSI where the zona pellucida is punctured and sperm inserted into the area between the zona and the egg. Having more than one sperm enter the egg is a potential problem with this procedure.

Surrogate Mother -- A woman who is artificially inseminated and carries to term a baby that will be adopted and raised by its genetic father and his partner. The term is usually used for a woman who is the biological mother of the baby she is carrying, while a gestational host carries a fetus that is not genetically hers.

SUZI -- See Sub-zonal Insertion.

Synarel -- A synthetic hormone used to treat endometriosis or for regulation before or during a controlled ovarian hyperstimulation cylce.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) -- An inflammatory connective tissue disease of unknown cause that occurs chiefly in women, is characterized by fever, skin rash, and arthritis, often by acute anemia, by small hemorrhages in the skin and mucous membrane, by inflammation of the pericardium, and in serious cases by involvement of the kidneys and central nervous system. If needed for arthritic symptoms or by women with the lupus anticoagulant, daily doses of aspirin and the steroid prednisone seem to reduce overall risk of pregnancy complications. Pregnancy complications in women with lupus can include blood clotting problems and a high risk of preterm delivery.

T4 -- See Thyroxine.

TeBG -- See Testosterone-estradiol-binding Globulin.

Termination -- The ending of a pregnancy by choice by induced labor (resulting in a live birth or stillbirth) or abortion. See Abortion.

Teratogen -- Any substance capable of causing malformations in a developing embryo.

TESA -- See Testicular Sperm Aspiration.

TESE -- See Testicular Sperm Extraction.

Testes -- The two male sexual glands contained in the scrotum. They produce the male hormone testosterone and the male reproductive cells (sperm).

Testicle -- The male gonad. It produces sperm and male sex hormones.

Testicular Biopsy -- A minor surgical procedure used to take a small sample of testicular tissue for microscopic examination; a test used to diagnose male fertility problems when no other means is available (this is because the biopsy procedure itself may cause testicular damage).

Testicular Enzyme Defect -- A congenital enzyme defect that prevents the testes from responding to hormonal stimulation. Will result in oligospermia or azoospermia.

Testicular Failure -- Primary: A congenital, developmental, or genetic error resulting in a testicular malformation that prevents sperm production. Secondary: Acquired testicular damage, for example, from drugs, prolonged exposure to toxic substances, or a varicocoele.

Testicular Feminization -- An enzymatic defect that prevents a man from responding to the male hormone testosterone. The man will look like a woman, but karyotyping will reveal a normal XY male chromosome pattern, and testosterone levels will be in the normal male range.

Testicular Sperm Aspiration (TESA) -- A needle biopsy of the testicle used to obtain small amounts of sperm. A small incision is made in the scrotal skin and a spring loaded needle is fired through the testicle. Usually does not result in enough sperm to freeze for later use.

Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE) -- An open biopsy where a small piece of testicular tissue is removed through a skin incision. The tissue is placed in culture media and separated into tiny pieces. Sperm are released from within the seminiferous tubules where they are produced and are then extracted from the surrounding testicular tissue. This procedure can be done using local anesthetic of IV sedation. It is possible to get enough sperm to freeze for future use.

Testicular Stress Pattern -- A semen analysis result showing depressed sperm production, poor sperm motility, and poor sperm morphology. The pattern is consistent with secondary testicular failure or illness.

Testicular Torsion -- When testicle twists on itself, cutting off its own blood supply. Causes extreme pain, and requires immediate surgical repair to reduce damage to the testicle.

Testosterone -- The male hormone responsible for the formation of secondary sex characteristics and for supporting the sex drive. Testosterone is also necessary for spermatogenesis.

TET -- See Tubal Embryo Transfer.

Therapeutic Abortion -- A termination of a pregnancy sue to sever abnormalities in the fetus or where the mother's health is at risk. See Abortion.

Threatened Miscarriage -- An incident in which certain symptoms such as vaginal bleeding or severe cramping, occur during the first half of pregnancy. The symptoms may stop or may progress to a miscarriage.

Thyroid Gland -- The endocrine gland in the front of the neck that produces thyroid hormones to regulate the body's metabolism.

Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH) -- A peptide hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and passed through the hypophyseal portal venous system. In the anterior pituitary, TRH stimulates synthesis and release of Thyrotropin (TSH).

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) -- Also called thyrotropin. A hormone produced by the pituitary gland (at the base of the brain) that promotes the growth of the thyroid gland (in the neck) and stimulates it.

Thyroxine (T4) -- A chemical substance made by the thyroid gland The thyroid gland uses iodine to make thyroid hormones. Thyroxine (T4), one of the most important thyroid hormones, has four iodine molecules attached to its molecular structure. Thyroid hormones are essential for the function of every cell in the body. They help regulate growth and the rate of chemical reactions (metabolism) in the body.

Tipped Uterus -- When the uterus is tipped toward a woman's back instead of tilting forward as is more common. This alone should not be considered a cause of infertility.

Tocolytic -- A drug used to relax uterine contractions and to try to stop premature labor.

TORCH Organisms -- Toxoplasmosis, syphillis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and other diseases which may harm the embryo/fetus.

Torsion -- The twisting of the testis inside the scrotum. Besides causing extreme pain and swelling, the rotation twists off the blood supply and causes severe damage to the testicle. Torsion of the ovary may also occur in a woman suffering from hyperstimulation, a complication of ovulation induction treatment.

Total Effective Sperm Count -- An estimate of the number of sperm in an ejaculate capable of fertilizing an egg. Total sperm count X percent motility X percent of forward progressive motility X percent normal morphology.

Toxin -- A poison produced by a living organism, such as by some bacteria.

Transuterine Fallopian Transfer (TUFT) -- The placement of an embryo inside the fallopian tube after in vitro fertilization. The transfer is made by threading a tube through the cervical canal and uterus and depositing the embryo into the fallopian tube. The process is meant to mimic the natural process of a fertilized embryo traveling down the tube and implanting in the uterus.

Transvaginal Ultrasound -- An ultrasound examination performed by means of inserting a probe into the vagina. This type of ultrasound is common for viewing follicle growth This can produce better images in early pregnancy that could be obtained with conventional abdominal sonograms.

TRH -- See Thyroid-releasing Hormone.

Triphasic -- Having three phases. Used to describe a basal body temperature chart that shows three levels of temperatures: low temperatures before ovulation, a shift up of at least .4 degrees Fahrenheit after ovulation, and then another shift upward that may coincide with the implantation of an embryo.

Trophoblastic Disease -- See Molar Pregnancy.

TSH -- See Thyroid Releasing Hormone.

Tubal Embryo Transfer (TET) -- The placement of an embryo inside the fallopian tube after in vitro fertilization. The process is meant to mimic the natural process of a fertilized embryo traveling down the tube and implanting in the uterus.

Tubal Ligation -- Surgical sterilization of a woman by obstructing or tying the fallopian tubes.

Tubal Lumen -- The interior of the tubular (fallopian tube) structure. See fallopian tubes.

Tubal Patency -- Open and unobstructed fallopian tubes.

Tubal Pregnancy -- See Ectopic Pregnancy.

Tubocornual Anastomosis -- Surgery performed to remove a blocked portion of the fallopian tube and to reconnect the tube to the uterus. Tubouterine implantation may also be performed to remove fallopian tube blockage near the uterus and reimplant the tube in the uterus.

Tuboplasty -- Plastic or reconstructive surgery on the fallopian tubes in order to correct abnormalities which may lead to blockage or otherwise cause infertility.

Tubotubal Anastomosis -- Surgery performed to remove a diseased portion of the fallopian tube and reconnect the two ends; sterilization reversal.

Tumor -- An abnormal growth of tissue that can be benign or malignant (cancerous).

TUFT -- See Transuterine Fallopian Transfer.

Turner's Syndrome -- The most common genetic defect contributing to female fertility problems. The ovaries fail to form and appear as slender threads of atrophic ovarian tissue, referred to as streak ovaries. Karyotyping will reveal that this woman has only one female (X) chromosome instead of two or a mosaic (46XX and 45X).

Ultrasound -- See Sonogram.

Umbilical Cord -- Two arteries and one vein encased in a gelatinous tube leading from the baby to the placenta. Used to exchange nutrients and oxygen from the mother for waste products from the baby.

Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism) -- The failure of the testicles to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum by one year of age. If not repaired by age six, may result in permanent fertility loss.

Unicornate Uterus -- An abnormality in which the uterus is "one sided" and smaller than usual.

Ureaplasma (similar to Mycoplasma) -- An infection that may cause the formation of sperm antibodies and an inflammation of the uterine lining, either of which may interfere with implantation of the embryo.

Urethra -- The tube that allows urine to pass between the bladder and the outside of the body. In the man this tube also carries semen from the area of the prostate to the outside.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) -- Infection of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra. Common symptoms include a frequent urge to urinate and a painful, burning when urinating, but symptoms are not always present.

Urologist -- A physician/surgeon specializing in the urinary tract and male repoductive tract.

Uterus -- The hollow, muscular female reproductive organ that houses and nourishes the fetus during pregnancy. The womb.

UTI -- See Urinary Tract Infection.

Vagina -- The female organ of sexual intercourse; the birth canal.

Vaginismus -- A spasm of the muscles around the opening of the vagina, making penetration during sexual intercourse either impossible or very painful. Can be caused by physical or psychological conditions.

Vaginitis -- An inflammation of the vagina. Yeast, bacterial vaginosis, or trichomonas infections of the vagina. Frequent vaginitis may indicate the presence of pelvic adhesions and tubal blockage from other infections, such as chlamydia. Vaginitis may interfere with sperm penetration of the cervical mucus, and the symptoms may even interfere with the ability and desire to have intercourse.

Varicocoele -- Varicose veins in the scrotum. A dilation of the veins that carry blood out of the scrotum. The resulting swollen vessels surrounding the testicles create a pool of stagnant blood, which elevates the scrotal temperature. A major cause of male infertility.

Vas Deferens -- The pair of thick-walled tubes through which the sperm move from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct in the prostate. These tubes are severed during a vasectomy performed for birth control.

Vasectomy -- The surgical separation of both vas deferens. A procedure used for birth control/sterilization.

Vasectomy Reversal -- Surgical repair of previous vasectomy in order to restore fertility.

Vasogram -- An X-ray examination of the vas deferens.

Venereal Disease -- Any infection that can be sexually transmitted, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, ureaplasma, and syphilis. Many of these diseases will interfere with fertility and some will cause severe illness. See also PID.

Viable -- Capable of sustaining life. Often used to describe an early pregnancy in which a heartbeat has been seen.

Virus -- A microscopic infectious organism that reproduces inside living cells.

Viscosity -- The thickness of semen.

Vulva -- Female's external genitalia.

Womb -- See Uterus.

X Chromosome -- The congenital, developmental, or genetic information in the cell that transmits the information necessary to make a female. All eggs contain one X chromosome, and half of all sperm carry an X chromosome. When two X chromosomes combine, the baby will be a girl.

Y Chromosome -- The genetic material that transmits the information necessary to make a male. The Y chromosome can be found in one-half of the man's sperm cells. When an X and a Y chromosome combine, the baby will be a boy.

ZIFT -- See Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer.

Zona Pellucida -- The protective outer membrane surrounding the egg.

Zygote -- A fertilized egg which has not yet divided.

Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) -- An ART in which eggs are removed from a woman's ovaries, fertilized with the man's sperm in a lab dish, and the resulting Zygotes are transferred into the woman's fallopian tubes during a minor surgical procedure.